Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anthropology T:3
Test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| WHAT IS CULTURE? | Culture is the set of learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population |
| FEATURES AND ASSUMPTIONS OF CULTURE | Culture is commonly shared: Age, gender, subculture |
| ENCULTURATION | The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next |
| ETHNOCENTRISM | Judging other cultures solely in terms of your own culture |
| CULTURAL RELATIVISM | The attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's problems and opportunities |
| PARALANGUAGE | How something is said, not what is said; body language |
| HORTICULTURE | When people grow foods using simple tools or their hands. |
| PASTORALISM | Nomadic, small communities, dependent upon trade, based upon maintenance of animals, eat the products from their animals but rarely the meat |
| 4 BROAD PATTERNS OF FOOD SYSTEMS | Intensive agriculture, food collecting, horticulture, and pastoralism |
| THE KULA RING | |
| NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY | Form of exchange in which the giver tries to get the better deal; not an even exchange |
| REDISTRIBUTION | Accumulation of goods/labor for the purpose of distribution; goods/$/labor are collected centrally, then reallocated out from that central place. |
| MARKETS OR COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES | Prices subject to supply and demand |
| KINDS OF MONEY | A way to measure a value, way to pay for other things. "General purpose" money: can be exchanged for nearly all things. "Special purpose" money: can be exchanged for only some things; ritual objects |
| COMMERCIALIZATION | Migratory labor, nonagricultural commercial production, supplementary cash crops |
| SOCIAL STRATIFICATION | A system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
| 3 TYPES OF SOCIETIES | Egalitarian, rank societies, class societies |
| EGALITARIAN SOCIETIES | Equal access to: economic resources, power, prestige; no discernible leader |
| RANK SOCIETIES | Unequal access to prestige, equal access to power/economic resources. partially stratified. position of chief is often partly inherited: rank of other members is based on their relation to the chief. |
| CLASS SOCIETIES/SOCIAL CLASS | Class: a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige |
| STATE | A form of political organization that includes class stratification, three or more levels or hierarchy and leaders with the power to govern by force; most states have cities, |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF STATE SOCIETIES | Public buildings, full-time craft and religious specialists, official artistic style, a hierarchical social structure with an elite class at the top |
| TRANSITION FROM NEOLITHIC VILLAGE TO CITY | Agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, emergence of ruling elite, emergence of social classes (social stratification) |
| OPEN CLASS SOCIETY | A society in which you can move up or down |
| THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE | Irrigation/hydraulic, population growth, circumscription, and war, local and long distance trade, religion, action theory |
| CONSEQUENCES OF STATE FORMATION | Dense population, infrastructure improves productivity, specialization in labor, rise of social stratification, increase in risk of disease, malnutrition, starvation |
| DECLINE AND COLLAPSE OF STATES | Environmental degradation, increased disease, overextension, internal conflict arising from the mismanagement of leaders |
| LANGUAGE | A system of communication, using sounds or gestures as symbols, put together in meaningful ways according to certain rules, resulting in meanings that are based on agreement by society |
| CASTE SYSTEMS | A ranked group, marriage is restricted to members of ones own caste, born into a caste (closed class system) |
| ANIMAL COMMUNICATION | Closed system, no past and future events, smell/sound/body/movement |
| HUMAN COMMUNICATION | Open system, past and future events are communicated |
| LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE | That humans are born with the innate facility for acquiring language; how children learn to speak |
| SLAVERY | Persons who do not own their own labor |
| MANUMISSION | Freedom from slavery; sometimes could have been "worked-off" |
| RACISM AND INEQUALITY | Race is a social category more than a biological one; racism=some races are inferior to others. |
| ETHNIC GROUP | A group of people who emphasize common origins an language, shared history, and selected cultural differences such as a difference in religion; majority group doesn't see itself as an ethnic group, only minority groups are seen as ethnic groups |
| THEORIES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF STRATIFICATION | Surplus theory, population pressure, inability to move b/c of investments in land and technology. |
| SAPHIR WHORF HYPOTHESIS | A theory stating that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken. |
| PHONOLOGY | A branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. |
| MORPHOLOGY | |
| SYNTAX | The study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages |
| FOOD COLLECTION | Also called foragers/hunter-gatherers, most common throughout history, most live in marginal areas |
| FEATURES OF FOOD COLLECTORS | Small communities, nomadic lifestyles, do not recognize land or individual rights, no full time political members, egalitarianism |
| FORMS OF FOOD PRODUCTION: HORTICULTURE | The growing of crops with relatively simple tools (usually hand tools) in the absence of permanently cultivated fields. |
| FORMS OF FOOD PRODUCTION: INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE | Cultivate fields permanently, use of fertilizers, crop rotation, plows, irrigation, etc. |
| PASTORALISM | People who depend mostly on the domestication of herds of animals that feed on natural pasture. |
| HORTICULTURE | Extensive or shifting cultivation, larger, more densely populated communities, more sedentary, some stratification |
| INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE | Cultivate fields permanently, craft specialization, urban life, stratification |
| PASTORALISM | Based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals, eat the products from their animals but rarely eat them/their meat, trade animals and products for plant foods |
| FEATURES OF PASTORALISM | Nomadic variability, small communities, trade is usually necessary for survival |
| ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRAINTS ON FOOD GETTING | Horticulturally based=85% in tropics vs. agriculturally based = 75% NOT in tropics, pastoralists needs to live near grass for their herds |
| RECIPROCITY | Social psychology refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action; rewarding kind actions. |
| GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY (THE KULA RING) | A ceremonial exchange system conducted in Papua New Guinea; spans 18 communities - participants travel hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange valuable |
| NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY | |
| REDISTRIBUTION | The accumulation of goods (or labor) for the purpose of subsequent distribution |
Created by:
63204265
Popular Anthropology sets