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Ch 25 Kuntzman
The Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells | Respiration |
| Describe the 3 basic steps of respiration | 1. Ventilation 2. External (pulmonary) respiration 3. Internal (tissue) respiration |
| What structures are in the upper respiratory tract? | 1. Nose 2. Pharynx (throat) |
| What structures are in the lower respiratory tract? | 1. Larynx (voice box) 2. Trachea (Wind pipe) 3. Bronchi (Airways) 4. Lungs |
| What does a conducting zone do? | Filters, warms, & moistens air and conducts it into the lungs |
| What does a respiratory zone do? | Tissues w/in lungs where gas exchange occurs |
| A supporting framework of bone & cartilage (air enters nose thru nostrils or external nares) | External nose |
| Connects to the throat thru internal nares | Internal nose |
| Connects to internal nose | Paranasal sinuses & nasolacrimal ducts |
| What does FEMS stand for? | Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillae & Sphenoid |
| What do the interior structures of the nose function in? | 1. Filtering, warming, & moistening incoming air 2. Detecting olfactory stimuli 3. Modifying speech sounds |
| A muscular tube line by a mucous membrane extending from internal nares to partway down the neck | Pharynx |
| What structure serves respiratory & digestive systems by receiving air from nasal cavity & air, food & water from oral cavity. Inferiorly, opens into larynx & esophagus? | Pharynx |
| Name 3 regions of the pharynx | 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx posterior to nasal cavity & extends inferiorly to uvula | Nasopharynx |
| What is the function of the nasopharynx? | Passageway for air only, functions in respiration |
| Lies posterior to oral cavity, extends from soft palate to hyoid bone. Palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in posterior surface of tongue | Oropharynx |
| What is the function of the oropharynx? | Digestion & respiration |
| Most inferior portion of pharynx, extends from hyoid bone down to larynx | Laryngopharynx |
| What is the function of the laryngopharynx? | Digestion & respiration |
| (Voice box) Passageway for air that connects the pharynx with the trachea | Larynx |
| What is the function of the larynx? | Produces sounds |
| Vestibular folds (upper pair). Hold your breath against pressure in thoracic cavity | False Vocal Cords |
| (Lower pair) Produce sounds | True Vocal Cords |
| Windpipe tube that is anterior to esophagus and extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi at T5. Composed of smooth muscle & C-shaped rings of cartilage lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheleum | Trachea |
| Name the 6 parts of the bronchial tree | 1. Trachea 2. Primary Bronchi = each lung 3. Secondary Bronchi = each lobe 4. Tertiary Bronchi = little sections of lobes (lobules) 5. Bronchioles 6. Terminal bronchioles - alveoli (air sacs) |
| Where on the body do the lungs start and branch off? | At T5 trachea divides into right primary bronchus and left primary bronchus |
| Lungs are enclosed and protected by this double layered serous membrane | Pleural membrane |
| Outer layer of pleural membrane which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity | Parietal Pleura |
| Inner layer of the pleural membrane which covers the lungs | Visceral Pleura |
| How many lobes does each lung have? | Right: 3 Left: 2 |
| A depression in the left lung where the heart is | Cardiac notch |
| What are respiratory bronchioles & tiny alveolar ducts end in clusters of tiny air sacs called? | Alveoli |
| What are aveoli made of? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| What permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? | Alveoli |
| What is another word for breathing? | Pulmonary Ventilation |
| (Inhalation) Pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric air pressure | Inspiration |
| (Exhalation) Pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric air pressure | Expiration |
| What muscles are used for quiet inspiration? | Diaphragm and external intercostals |
| What muscles are used for forced inspiration? | Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, & pec minor |
| What muscles are used for quiet expiration? | Diaphragm & external intercostals |
| What muscles are used for forced expiration? | Internal intercostals & abdominal muscles |
| What happens to the lungs when the thoracic cavity expands & why? | As lungs expand, air molecules inside have a larger volume because air pressure decreases |
| What happens during inhalation when volume increases? | Pressure decreases |
| What happens during exhalation when volume decreases? | Pressure increases |
| Normal variation in breathing rate and depth | Eupnea |
| Breath holding | Apnea |
| Painful or difficult breathing | Dyspnea |
| Rapid breathing rate | Tachypnea |
| Upward & outward movement of chest due to intercostal and external costals | Costal breathing |
| Pattern of deep abdominal breathing due to contracting and downward movement of diaphragm | Diaphragmatic breathing |
| When are modified respiratory movements used? | Used to express emotion & to clear air passageways |
| Name examples of modified respiratory movements | Coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, & laughing |
| Systemic Gas Exchange: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissue cells & blood in systemic capillaries as O2 leaves the bloodstream it converts oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood | Internal respiration |
| Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs & blood in capillaries | External respiration |
| What factors influence oxygen release from hemoglobin? | 1. When blood oxygen partial pressure is low 2. When there is high CO2 partial pressure in active tissues 3. Acidity 4. Temperature |
| How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | 1. Blood (7% dissolved in plasma, 23% bound to amino acids, 70% bicarbonate ions in plasma) 2. Pulmonary capillaries in the lungs |
| How is most of the carbon dioxide transported in blood? | 70% by bicarbonate ions in blood plasma |
| Where is the respiratory center located? | 3 groups of neurons 1. Medullary rhythmicity area 2. Pneumotaxic area 3. Apneustic area |
| What does the medullary rhythmicity area contain? | Inspiratory & expiratory areas |
| What is the function of the inspiratory area? | Sets the basic rhythm of respiration |
| What is the function of the expiratory area? | Remains inactive during quiet breathing and are active during forced exhalation |
| Where is the pneumotaxic area located? | Upper pons |
| helps turn off inspiratory area to shorten the duration of inhalations & increases breathing rate | Pneumotaxic area |
| Where is the apneustic area located? | Lower pons |
| Sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activates it and prolongs inspiration (long, deep breath) | Apneustic area |
| What part of the brain voluntarily alters breathing patterns? | Cerebral cortex |
| What chemicals are monitored by the chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? | CO2 & O2 |
| How do emotions influence respiration? | Limbic system stimulation stimulated inspiratory area = increase rate & depth of breathing |
| How does exercise influence respiration? | Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration increases rate & depth of breathing |
| How does body temperature influence respiration? | Increase in temperature increases the rate of respiration. Decrease in temperature decreases respiration |
| How does pain influence respiration? | 1. Sudden, sever pain causes brief apnea. 2. Prolonged, somatic pain causes increased respiratory rate 3. Visceral pain causes decreased respiratory rate |
| How does lung inflation influence respiration? | Detects lung expansion & limits it (inhibiting) |
| Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of _____________ in the cerebrospinal fluid? | Hydrogen ions |
| Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form ___________ | Carbaminohemoglobin |
| The term pulmonary ventilation refers to _________________ | Mechanics of breathing |
| Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the _________________ | Hilus |
| As blood enters the system capilaries pO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues. True or False? | True |
| What are the first respiratory branches after the trachea called? | Primary bronchi |
| When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed? | Oxyhemoglobin |
| How many fissures and lobes does the right lung have? | 2 fissures and 3 lobes |
| The volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing | Tidal volume |
| What covers the glottis during swallowing? | Epiglottis |
| Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produced by the dissociation of this | Carbonic acid |
| What determines the amount of oxygen that can combine with heme? | Partial pressure of oxygen |
| What must decrease in order for inspiration to occur? | Alveolar pressure |
| What occurs between systemic capillaries and tissue cells? | Internal respiration |
| The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues increases as blood pH decreases. True or False? | True |
| What is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood as? | As part of a bicarbonate ion |
| What does the respiratory membrane consist of? | Two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes |
| In the lungs, when Pco2 is low in the alveoli what is it high in? | The capillaries |
| What is the surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by? | The presence of surfactant |
| What do the phrenic nerves innervate? | The diaphragm |
| Where are the vocal cords found? | Larynx |
| What is lung compliance mainly affected by? | The amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the amount of surfactant |
| Where are the neurons located that control the rhythm of normal breathing? | Medulla Oblongata |
| What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory tract? | Move mucus toward the pharynx |
| How do gases move during internal and external respiration? | Diffusion |
| What happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm lowers during breathing? | Volume increases |
| A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli | Emphysema |
| The bronchi are considered to part of which portion of the respiratory system? | Conducting |
| We hold our breath when lifting heavy objects by closing off the opening of the larynx using _________ | Ventricular folds (False vocal cords) |
| What is the most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex? | Carina |
| The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli | Alveolar duct |
| What is the function of alveoloar machrophages? | To remove dust particles & other debris from alveolar spaces |
| The sum of the residual volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume | Vital capacity |
| After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air? | Inspiratory reserve volume |
| A disorder characterized by chronic airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction. Causes chest tightness, coughing, & wheezing. | Asthma |
| What is most of the carbon dioxide in blood carried as? | The bicarbonate ion |
| In normal, quiet breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration is determined almost entirely by the autorhythmic cells of the ________ | Inspiratory area |
| By the age of 70, what percent is the vital capacity decreased by? | 35% |
| The most common infectious cause of death in the United States | Pneumonia |
Created by:
khawkin
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