Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anth 101 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a population that is clearly isolated geographically and or socially from other breeding groups? | Breeding Isolate |
| When there are only two alleles, how many does each parent contribute? | One |
| What does Autosomal Dominant look like? | AA |
| What does Autosomal Recessive look like? | aa |
| What does the Heterozygote look like? | Aa |
| People who can roll their tongues possess a (dominant/recessive) allele for tongue rolling? | Dominant |
| What is the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes? | Co-Dominance |
| Equal expression (where neither allele is dominant or recessive, so both alleles influence the phenotype) happens in what? | Co-Dominance |
| Somebody with the “AA” or “Ao” __________ have an “A”___________. | Genotype/Phenotype |
| Males only have to inherit ___ copy of the allele to be colorblind, which is why they have such a higher chance of getting it. | one |
| Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited from the mother or father? | mother |
| What is the study of mechanism by which heritable material is passed form parent to offspring? | Mendelian Genetics |
| What deals with predicting inheritance from one generation to the next, but looks at entire population rather than individual line? | Population Genetics |
| What shows different allele distribution from given parental genotypes? | Punnett Squares |
| What is a diagram showing family relationships in order to trace the heredity pattern of particular genetic traits? | Pedigree Chart |
| What is the offspring of individuals that differ with regard to certain traits or certain aspects of genetic makeup? | Hybrid (heterozygote) |
| What are linked genes? | Genes on the same chromosome are inherited together (sex chromosomes) |
| What is a mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes? | Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium |
| Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing __________ _______ in a particular trait? | Evolutionary Change |
| Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium is an application of Mendel’s Principals to what? | Populations |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Formula? | Frequency of (AA) + Frequency of (Aa)+ Frequency of (aa) = 1. |
| What are the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg? | An Infinitely large population, no gene flow, mutation or natural selection, and random mating |
| If H-W assumptions are satisfied, allele frequencies will ___from one generation to the next. | Not Change |
| H-W serves as a model for defining expected genetic distribution if ___ evolutionary change occurs. | NO |
| What is the group of actual of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species? | Breeding Population |
| In terms of humans, breeding population is defined based on ________, ______, and ______ variation. | Spatial (geographical), Ethnic, Language |
| What is all of the genetic material within a population? | Gene pool |
| What is the genotype frequency of a population? | The number of individuals with genotypes divided by number of individuals in a population |
| Animals are members of the same species if they can interbreed and produce ____ and ____ offspring. | Fertile, Viable |
| Populations that have a small size, non-random mating, mutation, migration, and no differences in fertility and viability will or will not evolve? | Will |
| What is positive assortment mating? | Mating between individuals of like phenotypes. |
| What is negative assortment mating? | Mating between individuals of dissimilar phenotypes. |
| What is mating with individuals from groups other than your own? | Exogamy |
| What is mating with individuals from the same group? | Endogamy |
| Does exogamy increase or decrease chance of new variation? | Increases |
| Does endogamy increase or decrease chance of new variation? | Decreases |
| Population Genetics looks at how the resulting _____ in a population is modified by the forces of evolution. | variation |
| Before we had genetics, we had a way of identifying things into certain types which was what type of approach? | Taxonomic Approach |
| Which approach looks at variation in terms of evolutionary adaptation differences between populations and how it comes about? | Evolutionary Approach |
| What is a species that is composed of populations that differ with regard to the expression of one or more traits? | A Polytypic Species |
| What is the balance of stability that every species has to maintain by interaction of philological mechanisms that compensate for changes? | Homeostasis |
| What is any factor that acts to disrupt homeostasis? | Stress |
| Temperature, Solar Radiation, Altitude, Humidity, and Disease are what? | Environmental Stressors |
| What are the four levels of Adaptation? | Cultural, Physiological, Developmental, and Genetic |
| What is the use of material to adapt? | Cultural Adaptation |
| Housing and Clothing are examples of what kind of adaptation? | Cultural |
| Temporary Adaptation, such as sweating, is an example of what? | Physiological Adaptation |
| Adapting Physiologically is like _____, can occur ___ ____, and are _______. | Acclimation, Any Time, Reversible |
| What is adapting on a population level by means of natural selection? | Genetic Adaption |
| Skin pigmentation is irreversible and inherited and an example of what kind of adaptation? | Genetic |
| What are biological changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime increasing the fitness in a given environment? | Functional Adaptation |
| Developmental Adaptations are not _______ and are _________. | Genetic, Ireversible |
| What are the physiological responses that only occur throughout developmental processes? | Developmental Adaptations |
| What rule states that the average body size in cold populations is larger than body size in warm climate populations, that small body sizes don't produce as much heat, and that linear body forms lose heat faster? | Bergman's Rule |
| Hypoxia(Cold, Low Humidity, Wind, Intense Solar Radiation, and Rough Terrain) leads to ____ stature and ____ chest circumference to compensate for the low oxygen levels. | shorter, larger |
| Osteoperosis is an example of what kind of Adaptation? | Developmental |
| What rule states that in a colder climate, short bulkier limbs are more average, where in a hot climate the have long. narrow limbs? | Allen's Rule |
| Do small or large body forms produce more heat? | Large |
| Body shape adapted to _______. | Temperature |
| Tall, Thin statures work better in ____ climates. | Warm |
| Short, Wide statures work better in ____ climates. | Cold |
| More Surface Area = (More/Less) Volume | Less |
| Less Surface Area = (More/Less) Volume | More |
| Nilotic build refers to what? | Tall, Thin stature like those by the Equator |
| Heat loss is associated with what ratio? | Surface Area to Volume |
| Why do we take off our coats when we are hot? | To expose more surface area |
| Body weight ____ with mean annual temperature. | Decreases |
| What is the dark pigment in human skin? | Melanin |
| What is the pink pigment in human skin? | Hemoglobin |
| What is the yellow pigment in human skin? | Carotene |
| Where did humans originate? | Africa |
| What is the protective pigment for UV Radiation? | Melanin |
| What is metabolized in skin from UV? | Vitamin D |
| What is necessary for Calcium metabolism? | Vitamin D |
| What is necessary for healthy bones? | Calcium Metabolism |
| Low Vitamin D levels causes what disease? | Rickets |
| What is Rickets? | Deformed Limbs (Bow Legged) |
| There is (more/less) exposure to UV radiation at higher latitudes? | Less |
| At higher latitudes there is selection for (less/more) pigmented skin? | Less |
| Darker pigmented skins at higher latitudes produces less ____. | Vitamin D |
| Vitamin D is thought to reduce the risk of what? | Cancer, Heart Disease, Diabetes, Asthma |
| What is a substance your body needs but cannot metabolize? | Vitamin D |
| Low ______ levels increase birth defects and inhibit sperm production. | Folic Acid |
| What reduces Folic Acid levels? | UV Radiation |
| There is Directional Selection for Dark skin in ___ UV areas? | High |
| There is Directional Selection for Light skin in ___ UV areas? | Low |
| Distribution of variation in humans is usually in the form of a what? | Clinal Distribution |
| What shows a gradual change in the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes from one geographical region to another? | Clinal Distribution |
| Clinal Distributions show ___ ___ from place of origin? | Gene Flow |
| Can the human population be divided into races based on as few characteristics as skin, hair, or eye color? | No |
| Is race a true biological entity? | No |
| What is the correlation between Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria? | Sickle Cell Anemia results in protection against Malaria. |
| The ability to taste PTC is what kind of adaptation? | Genetic |
| Why is the ability to taste PTC an adaptive advantage? | Those who can taste bitterness strongly can detect toxic plants better |
| Most of the variation in Humans is (within/between) geographic groups? | within |
| The variation in humans with groups is __% and between them is __%. | 90, 10 |
| Clinal Distribution is good for what types of species? | Polytypic |
| Small Pox was brought over by Europe and killed many _______. | Native Americans |
| Humans adapt to the environment by what? | Culture |
| The chance of infectious disease transmission is increased by what? | Population Growth, Markets, Food Preparation, Destruction of Vegetation, and Water Control Projects, Air Pollution, Varied Access to Health Care |
| Contaminated water sources, lung damage, and other health problems are a result of population _____. | Growth/Density |
| What is an example of vegetation destruction? | Cutting Down Forests, Farming methods that promote erosion |
| What are human activities that alter with the potential for infectious disease potential? | Wars, Famines, Refugee Projects, and Social Disruption |
| What is an infectious disease? | Chicken Pox (spreadable) |
| How did Pre-Agricultural Populations obtain their food? | Hunting and Gathering |
| How did Agricultural Populations obtain their food? | Domestication of Plants and Animals |
| How did Urban Populations obtain their food? | Rely on one or few crops |
| Pre-Agricultural Populations had a large or small population size? | Small |
| Agricultural Populations had a large or small population size? | Large |
| Urban Populations have a large or small population size? | Large, Dense |
| What living patterns do Pre-Agricultural Populations follow? | Nomadic- Moves Alot |
| What living patterns do Agricultural Populations follow? | Sedentary (Large Populations) |
| What living patterns do Rural Populations follow? | Large, Dense, Sedentary |
| Pre-Agricultural Populations have what type of housing? | Temporary and Open |
| Why do Agricultural Populations need to stay in one place? | To grow and store crops |
| What are the predominant diseases in Pre-Agricultural Populations? | Parasitic |
| What are the predominant diseases in Agricultural Populations? | Chronic |
| What is an example of a Parasitic Disease? | Pin Worm in Children |
| What is an example of a Chronic Disease? | Arthritis |
| What are the predominant diseases in Rural Populations? | Crowd Diseases like the Black Plague |
| Pre-Agricultural Populations need a (large or small) area to move around in, and a (high or low) population density? | Large, Low |
| Nomadic People were better nourished than people today during most of the year but vulnerable to malnutrition during some periods because of what? | the diversity of food in their diet |
| Why do Pre-Agricultural Populations have an increased chance of coming in contact diseases? | Mobility and Diverse Diet |
| How much mortality due to disease was present in Pre-Agricultural populations? | Little to None |
| What is the domestication of animals? | Herding Cattle, Sheep, Dogs |
| Agriculture increased or decreased risk of infectious disease? Why? | Increased Because of contact with herd animals with their own crowd diseases that mutate to affect humans |
| Why are crowd diseases important? | They were infectious diseases for the first time |
| Some infectious diseases can be seen in the _____. | Skeleton |
| Reliance on starchy grains can be linked to what? | Cavities |
| What is cribra orbitalia? | Anemia |
| Malnutrition (increases/decreases) resistance to infectious diseases? | decreases |
| What is a critical threshold? | The specific population size needed for a crowd disease to be maintained |
| Urban Populations had _____ stratification and labor ___________. | social, specialization |
| Most populations were below the _____ _______ until the advent of large cities. | critical threshold |
| The Black Plague killed what percent of the population? | 50-70% |
| What is Lactase? | An enzyme that digests lactose(milk sugar) |
| What is lactose intolerance? | The inability to digest lactose |
| There is ____ in the ability to produce Lactase in the Human Population. | Variation |
| What population retains the high levels of lactose tolerance into adulthood? | European |
| Many humans lose the ability to digest _____. | Milk |
| LActose Tolerant European populations descend from who? | Pastoralists |
| What is a Pastoralist? | Animal Herder(cattle, goats) |
| Human populations that process milk into things like yogurt and cream have (high/low) levels of lactose intolerance. | High |
| What is taxonomy? | The branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships. |
| What is taxonomy based on? | Physical Similarities, Reflecting Evolutionary Descent |
| What is a the related species grouped together at the genus levels or higher? | |
| What kingdom do birds, reptiles, and carnivores belong to? | Animalia |
| What phylum do humans belong to? | Chordata |
| What class do humans belong to? | Mammalia |
| What order do humans belong to? | Primates |
| What family do humans belong to? | Hominid |
| What genus do humans belong to? | Homo |
| What species do humans belong to? | Sapiens |
| As you go down from Kingdom to Species it gets more what? | Specific |
| What are bipedal apes? | Hominids |
| Domestic dogs share a common ancestor: the wolf and show extreme _____, happened in a ____ time, and displays _______ selection. | variation, short, artificial |
| Dog breeders choose traits that are not always _______ to the dogs themselves. | advantageous |
| What are the characteristics of a mammal? | Behavioral Flexibility, Long Gestation Period, Mammary Glands, Heterodont Teeth, Hair, Homeotherapy(ability to stay warm), Large Brains, Warm Blooded |
| What is homodont? | Serrated, Reptile teeth |
| What is heterodont? | Specialized teeth in mammals(ex. incisors, canines) |
| What can you tell from looking at someones teeth? | Diet, Age, Social Structure |
| Why can't different species interbreed? | Different Number of Chromosomes, Different Genes |
| Different ______ are assumed to be incapable of making fertile offspring. | Species |
| Same species, but different ______ cannot interbreed with each other. | Genus |
| Different subspecies that have the same species and genus (can/cannot) produce fertile, viable offspring. | Can |
| What is a group of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other groups? | A Biological Species |
| What is a change in a linage that occurs gradually? | Gradualism |
| What is evolutionary change that proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change(sudden burst of new species? | Punctuated Equilibrium |
| When you mate a horse and a donkey(different biological species but same genus) what do you get? | A mule that is usually not fertile and is not considered to be a species but is in the horse and donkey(equis) genus. |
| What is an incipient species? | Speciation in progress. For example, if no gene flow between wolves and dogs for a long time they would become different species. |
| If no gene flow, speciation occurs due to _____ ________ and _____. | Natural Selection and Mutations |
| What is a primitive trait? | Like the ancestral trait |
| What is a derived trait? | Specialized or Modified from the ancestral trait |
| Monkeys have tails, Apes do not. Their common ancestor had a tail. Apes are _____ from the ancestor. Monkeys are _______ to Apes. | Derived, Primitive |
| What kind of speciation occurs because of a geographical separation? | Allopatric |
| What kind of speciation occurs because of a behavioral separation? | Sympatric |
| What is an example of an allopatric speciation? | An earth quake that separates a species, followed by mutation and natural selection, resulting in 2 species |
| What is an example of an sympatric speciation? | Monkeys at the top off the tree eat leaves, where the one at the bottom eat fruit. Top ones need to be lighter, bottom ones heavier. |
| In allopatric speciation, what is the main factor? | distance |
| What is linear evolution? | One species gradually changing into another |
| What is Cladogenesis? | Branching Evolution, or one life form yielding to form 2 or more others. |
| What is Adaptive Radiation? | Very Rapid Branching Evolution |
| What is an example of Adaptive Radiation? | Darwin's finches |
| What is a large number of new species in a short time? | Adaptive Radiation |
| What are analogous traits? | unrelated, getting same trait in different way (bird wing, bat wing) |
| What are homologous traits? | similar trait resulting from shared ancestry |
| The bone structures of a human's arm, a whale's fin, and a bird's wing are _________. | Homologous Structures |
| Taxonomy and fossils had problems because remains were old and broken up, which made the ____ more significant. | Bias |
| What is a paleospecies? | A species defined from fossil evidence |
| What is morphology? | Form |
| Clinal Distribution | How closely related animals are based on derived traits |
Created by:
rileyenlow
Popular Anthropology sets