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Anatomy
Mid-term review
Term | Meaning |
---|---|
Anatomy | study of the structure and form of body parts |
Physiology | study of body functions |
Metabolism | all chemical changes within cells considered together |
Homeostasis | state of balance in which the body's internal environment remains in the normal range |
Levels of Organization | 7 levels: 1) Chemical 2)Organelle 3) Cellular 4) Tissue 5) Organ 6) System 7) Organism |
Feedback Control Loops | controls homeostasis; controlled mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems |
Negative Feedback Loop | opposite, inhibitory, opposes change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, most common in the body |
Positive Feedback Loop | same, stimulatory, often dangerous, amplify/reinforce change |
3 basic components of a feedback control loop | 1) receptor 2) integrating/control center 3) effector mechanism |
Afferent | signal traveling towards a particular center or point of reference |
Efferent | moving away |
Characteristics of Life (10) | 1)movement 2)growth 3) responsiveness (irritability) 4) reproductioin 5) respiration 6) digestion 7) absorbtion 8) circulation 9) assimilation 10) excretion |
Body Regions | (blank) |
Major Cavities | Dorsal, Ventral, and Abdominopelvic |
Three Planes of the Body | 1) transverse ( t to b) 2) sagittal (s to s) 3) coronal (f to b) |
Medial | closer to midline |
Lateral | closer to the side of the body |
Distal | further from the point of origin |
proximal | closer to the point of origin |
posterior | more toward the back of the body |
anterior | more toward the front of the body |
superior | above another body part |
inferior | below another body part |
deep | far from the surface |
superficial | close to the surface |
4 types of tissues | connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscle |
Tissue | group of cells with a similar structure and function |
Epithelial Tissue | lack blood vessels, line/cover organs and systems |
Functions of a tissue | connects, supports, transportation, and defends |
Vascular | own blood supply |
Avascular | no blood supply |
Classification of epithelial tissue | membranous and glandular |
Endocrine glad | secretes a hormone internally usually into the circulation |
exocrine gland | secretes its products into ducts opening into an external or internal surface |
Three types of exocrine glands | merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine |
Fibroblast | epithelial: star shaped cells that produce fibers |
mast cell | epithelial: produce heparine (blood thining substance) |
macrophage | epithelial: engulf bacteria |
adipocytes | stores energy in fat |
bood cells | transports materials (red) fights invaders (white) |
Types of fibers | Collagenous, Reticular, and Elastic |
Functions of Skin | protection, regulation of body temp, communication, and synthesis/secretion |
Layers of Skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Basement membrane, Subcutaneous layer, loose adipose tissue |
Layers of the epidermis | corneum, lucideum, granulosum, spinosum, basal |
Layers of the dermis | Papillary, reticular |
4 Types of Membranes | Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial, and Cutaneous |
Skin proteins | Keratinocytes and Melanocytes |
Integumentary system | skin, hair, nails and cutaneous glands |
skin functions | protection, vitamen d production, sensation, and excretion |