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ANTHRO TEST 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hominoidea (Superfamily) | No tails Brachiation adaptation Y-5 lower molar pattern |
| 4 family groups | • Hylobatidae • Pongidae • Panidae • Hominidae |
| Hylobatidae | • Gibbons and Siamangs • Found in Southeast Asia and Indonesia • Small body size • Very long arms rel. to body size • Highly adapted for brachiation |
| Hylobatidae: Genus and species | • Hylobates syndactylus (siamang) • Hylobates lar (gibbon) |
| Pongidae | • Asian great ape • “Orang-utan” • Sexual dimorphism • Males twice the size of females |
| Pongo pygmaeus | • Found on Borneo and Sumatra only • Reddish-orange fur • Quadrumanual locomotion • Solitary • Highly endangered • Occasional tool use |
| Panidae | • African great apes • Knuckle-walking • All black fur • Genus groups: • Gorilla • Pan |
| Gorilla gorilla | • Females up 150 lbs or more • Males up to 450lbs or more, massive head and neck • Knuckle-walkers • Vegetarian • 1 male (silverback), multi-female group • Highly endangered |
| Pan troglodytes | • Common chimpanzee • Knuckle-walking, brachiation, climbing • Omnivore • Moderate sexual dimorphism • Multi-male, multifemale groups [“Fission-Fusion system”] • Leader is “Alpha Male” • Tool making/tool using |
| Pan paniscus | Bonobos, Knuckle-walking, brachiation, climbing, Omnivore, Same size range as P.troglodytes, moderate sexual dimorphism, Arms and legs appear “slimmer”, Multi-male, multifemale groups, “Fission-Fusion system”, Leader is “Alpha female" |
| Pan paniscus con't | Spend about 40% of time walking bipedally, • Use genital rubbing instead of fighting • Tool making/tool using • Highly endangered • Strong |
| Hominidae - Homo sapiens (humans) | • Upright and habitual bipeds • Largest brain to body size ratio • Intelligent • Language • Complex tool making/use • Considering all Hominidae (extant and extinct: • only upright and habitual bipedalism |
| Bipedalism Advantages | See over tall grasses Hands free Tool making/use Carrying babies Carrying food Energy efficiency Cooling efficiency |
| Bipedalism Disadvantages | Predators see you Slow at sprinting speed Child birth complications Lumbar arthritis |
| Primates | • Divergent and grasping first digits on hands and feet • (aka, opposable thumbs) • Nails on fingers and toes • “Bony” ring around the eye orbit • Post-orbital closure • Eyes in front of face Stereoscopic vision |
| Primates con't | • Reduced prognathism • Reduced reliance on • Large brain relative to body size • Greater intelligence • Long post-natal dependence period relative to lifespan • One (rarely two) offspring at a time sense of smell |
| Sub-order: Prosimii (“Prosimians”) | • Nocturnal • Black and white vision • Projecting ears • More prognathic • Moist nose • Most are solitary • Auto-grooming • Grooming claw on 2nd digit of the foot • Dental comb |
| Super-Family:Lemuroidea (Lemurs) | • Found only on Madagascar • Vertical clinging and leaping |
| Super-Family: Lorisoidea ( Loris, potto, galago) | • Found in Africa and Asia • Slow and cautious climbing |
| Sub-Order: Anthropoidea (Anthropoids) | • Diurnal • Color vision • Dry nose • Flat ears • Larger brain to body size ratio the Prosimii • Most live in groups • Allo-grooming • More dexterity in hands |
| Infra-Order: Platyrrhini | • Broad nasal septum • Nostrils to side • Dental formula has 3 premolars |
| Infra-Order: Catarrhini | • Narrow nasal septum • Nostrils open downwards • Dental formula is 2:1:2:3 • Allo-grooming is a very social activity |
| Superfamilies of Platyrrhini | • Ceboidea • [New World Monkeys] |
| Superfamily: Ceboidea (new world) | • “Small” • Marmoset and Tamarins • Arboreal quadrupeds • “Large” • Howler monkeys, Spider monkeys, Capuchin monkey. • Prehensile tail • Suspensory |
| Superfamilies of Catarrhini | • Cercopithecoidea [Old World Monkeys] • Hominoidea [Apes and Humans] |
| Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea (“Old World Monkeys”) | • Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds • Tails, but not prehensile • Cheek pouches • Ischial callosities • Bilophodont molars (4 cusps on molars. 2 cusps on front and back joined by ridge.) |
| Superfamily: Hominoidea | • No tails • Brachiation • Y-5 lower molars |
| Brachiation | • Arm hanging and swinging • Wide shoulders • Long arms rel. to body size • Full extension of elbow • Full rotation of shoulder • Wrist mobility • Long 2nd – 5th fingers |
| Epochs of the Cenozoic [Time Periods] | • Holocene 10,000ya – present • Pleistocene 1.8mya – 10,000ya • Pliocene 5mya – 1.8mya • Miocene 25mya – 5mya • Oligocene 35mya – 25mya • Eocene 54mya – 35mya • Paleocene 65mya – 54 mya |
| Visual Predation Hypothesis: | • Moving (adaptive radiation) to trees is a secondary event • Related to development of Angiosperm forests (trees with flowers) • Primates follow insects into arboreal environment |
| Early Primates | • Earliest Primates found (so far) are in the late Paleocene to early Eocene • Adapidae, Omomyidae, and Eosimiidae |
| Oligocene Primates | • Major developments include divergence of the Platyrrhini and Catarrhini ancestors • Divergence of Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea |
| Miocene Primates | • Major developments include the divergence of Hominoidea • Early Hominoidea had tails, were arboreal quadrupeds, but had Y-5 lower molars |
| Miocene Hominoidea | • By the mid-Miocene, three major groups of Hominoidea diverge: • 1. Pliomorphs • 2. Ramamorphs • 3. Dryomorphs |
| Pliomorphs | • Found in Eurasia • Small, ate leaves and fruit, long arms, good brachiators • Most likely ancestral to modern Hylobatidae |
| Ramamorphs | • Primarily found in Eurasia • Wide range of body size (small to big) • Thick molar enamel suggests lots of chewing (hard fruits, tough leaves, etc) • One group, Sivapithecus, possibly a direct ancestor to modern Pongidae |
| Dryomorphs | • Africa and Eurasia • Thinner molar enamel • Ate softer foods than Ramamorphs • Wide range of sizes • Probably ancestral to Panidae and Hominidae |
| Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea | from Suborder Prosimii |
| Dental formula of 2:1:2:3 | Catarrihini |
| Old World Monkeys | Cercopithecoidea |
| New World Monkeys | Ceboidea |
| Allo-groomers | Anthropoidea and Catarrhini |
| Solitary (live alone) | Prosimii/Pongidae |
| Highly endangered | Gorilla gorilla/ Pan paniscus/ Pongo pygmaeus |
| Found in Eurasia | Pliomorphs/ Ramamorphs/ Dryomorphs |
| Chimpanzees | Pan troglodytes |
| Bonobos | Pan paniscus |
| Alpha Male | Pan troglodytes |
| Alpha Female | Pan Paniscus |
| Ceboidea | Platyrrhini |
| Catarrhini | Anthropoidea |
| Dental Formula of 2:1:3:3 | Platyrrhini |
| F rub genitals with F M mound M | Bonobos |
| Tarsiers | color vision-nocturnal-big eyes-twist head 360 deg. |
| Quadrupeds | Gorilla gorilla/Pan troglodytes/Pan paniscus |
| Quadrumanual (grasping hands and prehensile tail) | Pongidae |
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