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Ind. Rev. Elcho
Industrial Revolution and Life during Ind. Rev.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Industrial Revolution | a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s |
| enclosure movement | process where landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing for efficiency and a greater food supply |
| factors of production | land, labor, and capital; the basic resources for industrialization |
| cottage industry | small scale industry done at home by family members using their own equipment |
| factory | a place where goods are manufactured in mass quantity |
| industrialization | the development of industries for the production of goods |
| Jethro Tull | British inventor; he invented the seed drill |
| Richard Arkwright | English inventor; in 1769 he patented the spinning frame which spun stronger, thinner, thread |
| James Watt | Scottish inventor; made crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient |
| Robert Fulton | American engineer and inventor; built first commercially successful, full sized steamboat, the Clermont |
| labor union | an organization representing the interests of workers |
| strike | a work stoppage, used by workers to put pressure on owners |
| mass production | system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
| interchangeable parts | identical machine-made parts that can be substituted for each other in manufacturing |
| assembly line | a mass-production process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations where workers perform specific tasks |
| laissez-faire | a business system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government, "free to do" |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist; considered by some to be father of modern economics, a believer in laissez faire economics and author of "The Wealth of Nations" |
| Thomas Malthus | English economist and sociologist; believed population growth would exceed food production and that poverty would always exist |
| entrepreneur | someone who takes a risk to start a business within the economic system of capitalism |
| Andrew Carnegie | American industrialist and humanitarian; he led the expansion of the U.S. steel industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s |
| socialism | a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production |
| Karl Marx | German social philosopher and theorist of modern socialism and communism; advocated for a state in which workers own the means of production and govern themselves |
| communism | economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning |
| standard of living | a measure of the quality of life |
| Charles Darwin | English scientist; proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection |
| The Curies | European chemists and physicists; they discovered radium and polonium in 1898 |
| radioactivity | process in which certain elements break down and release energy |
| Albert Einstein | American theoretical physicist; developed the theory of relativity among many other scientific theories |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist; came up with the germ theory of infection, developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies, pasteurization to kill bacteria in liquids |
| pasteurization | the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent pasteurization |
| anesthetic | a drug that inhibits pain during surgery |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist and experimental psychologist; researched the heart, brain, digestive system, and higher nervous system - famous experiment with dogs demonstrating conditional reflex |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian psychiatrist and founder of psychoanalysis; practiced hypnosis to treat hysteria and believed that complexes of repressed and forgotten impressions underlie all abnormal mental states |
| urbanization | the migration of people from rural areas to cities |
| romanticism | an artistic and literary movement at the beginning of the 1800's which rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment in favor of emotion, intuition, and imagination |
| William Wordsworth | an English romantic poet |
| Beethoven | German composer; often considered the greatest composer, wrote symphonies, quartets, and sonatas |
| realism | an art and literature movement that rejected romanticism and sought to show the details of everyday life no matter how unpleasant |
| Charles Dickens | English author during the Victorian era, wrote Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities |
| Leo Tolstoy | Russian novelist; his novel War and Peace showed was a being horrible and confusing |
| Henrik Ibsen | Norwegian poet and dramatist; he wrote A Doll's House which showed unfair treatment of women in the home |
| impressionism | a new style of painting that began in France in which artists used light, vivid color, and seeming motion to capture an impression of a scene |
Created by:
sgruszynski
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