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ANTH- Quiz 1
Anthropology Exam (Part 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 Fields of Anthropology | Physical, Cultural, Linguistics, Archeology |
| Definition: CULTURE | the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively |
| Definition: CULTURAL RELATIVISM | principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities are understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. |
| Definition: ANTHROPOCENTRISIM | regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, esp. as opposed to God or animals. |
| Definition: ETHNOCENTRISIM | evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture. |
| Definition: GLOBALIZATION | develop or be developed so as to make possible international influence or operation |
| Definition: THE LOCAL | Particular cultures |
| Definition: ETHNOGRAPHY | the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. |
| Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology | Ethnology |
| Occupy Wall Street: 4 W's | When: Sept. 17, 2011. Who: AdBusters (Canada). Where: Lower Manhattan; ZUCCOTTI SQUARE. Why: Advocate for "99%"; against gov that favored corporations, capitalism v. feudalism, against social and economic inequality |
| Definition: DE-GROW | Change from a consumerist economy to one more "eco-friendly" and less wasteful |
| Definition: HORIZONTALS | Activists who want direct action ____________ | | | | | ex) cooperatives |
| Definition: VERTICALS | Hierarchy with one leader | ---------- | | | |
| Definition: GENERAL ASSEMBLY | Horizontal structure, everyone has a VOICE and a VOTE |
| (A)narchy v. (a)narchy | A= verticals, radicals; a= horizontals, general assembly |
| Definition: CAPITALISM | Private ownership; vertical structure an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |
| Definition: FEUDALISM | Vertical structure based on production: in exchange for land, must work land GOV owned (9-15c); precurser to capitalism; could accumulate wealth/status/rank |
| Definition: SOCIALISM | Shared ownership of means of production; a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. |
| Definition: CONSERVATIVE | a person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics. |
| Describe the Consensus Process | "Vote with Feet" - In other words, if you disagree, YOU CAN LEAVE. "Modified Consensus"= Small groups take on topics, negotiate a compromise, and report to bigger group. NOT the same as a majority rule. Works because people w/o a strong opinion drop it |
| Describe the Global Justice Movement | GRACE- Global Justice for All; Respect for Earth; Abundance and Freedom are Possible; Creativity at Work; Economic Democracy |
| What does "financialization of capitalism" mean? | the shift in gravity of economic activity from production (and even from much of the growing service sector) to finance |
| Describe the Tea Party | Response to govermental corruption and government bail out |
| Difference between OWS and Tea Party | OWS: Demographic base= middle class, young, high level of education V. TP: Suburban, white republicans, anti-intellectual, scared of social change; Fwd looking vs. retaining social hierarchy |
| What is the future of capitalism? | Current structural crisis= transition to another system in 20-30 years. What replaces it? Bifurcation? Communalism? UNKNOWN. |
| What is the significance of Marx and Engels to economic structure, and what were their "handicaps?" | Determinists (structure determines behavior). Both were prisoners of time (19 c thinkers) |
| Definition: EPISTEMOLOGY | the theory of knowledge, esp. with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion |
| Definition: "Just-So Stories" | an unverifiable and unfalsifiable narrative explanation for a cultural practice, a biological trait, or behavior of humans or other animals. |
| Who is Carl Sagan | American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He advocated scientifically skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and search for aliens |
| Describe deductive reasoning | reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. More complex statements built from simpler ones. "If A, then B." Used to test alternate hypothesis. |
| Describe inductive reasoning | Observations of individual cases to form a generality. the process by which a general conclusion is reached from evaluating specific observations or situations. |
| Inductive v. Deductive? | Induction = moving from the specific to the general, while deduction = general to the specific; arguments based on experience or observation = inductively, while arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles = deductively. |
| What is Evoliteracy? | Understanding how evolution effects our enviornment, future, etc. Teaching it as CHANGES THROUGH TIME that created ecology |
| What are the 4 D's of Human Ecology? | Diet Disease Demography Development |
| Define Human Ecology? | subdiscipline of ecology that focuses on humans. More broadly, it is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. |
| Describe the theory of natural selection | Process that produces adaptation. Postulates: 1- Limited resources available 2- Organisms vary in ABILITY TO SURVIVE and REPRODUCE 3- Inheritable traits= INFLUENCE survival and reproduction |
| Who is Richard Dawkins? | Coined "selfish gene", atheist |
| What is The Selfish Gene? | Book by Richard Dawkins; "gene-centered" view as opposedd to views focused on organism and the group. EACH GENE wants to create more copies of itself. |
| Describe the Prisoners Dilemma | Economic model; When to cooperate and when not to? (Ex- both coop, no sentence; both coop, reduced sentence; either "rat," full sentence for one or both) |
| Demography | Study of the nature of population structure and the change in its composition from generation to generation |
| Malthus | Spokesman for concerns of overpopulation and economic theory of "rent." Point of essay= power of population to increase > power of earth to provide food. |
| Definition: POOR LAWS | A food subsidy to maintain families at or above a bare subsistence level Attacked as an encouragement to the poor, unskilled, and jobless to marry and have children |
| Describe the Malthusian Trap | Economic improvement-population increase- burden on food supply- economic collapse- population decline- recovery |
| Define the Gaia Hypothesis | proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating complex system, maintaining the conditions for life on the planet. |
| James Lovelock | best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment. |
| The Serengeti | Ecosystem in Africa: hosts the largest mammal migration in the world, which is one of the ten natural travel wonders of the world |
| Definition: ETHNOECOLOGY | the scientific study of the way different groups of people in different locations understand ecosystems around them; the environments in which they live; and their relationship with these. |
| Definition: HORITCULTURE | the art or practice of garden cultivation and management. |
| Definition: PASTORALISM | used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle |
| Definition: DESERTIFICATION | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. |
| Definition: METALLURGY | the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification |
| Definition: EMIGRATION | leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another |
| Definition: URBANIZATION | make or become urban in character |
Created by:
lserra
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