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ANTH- Quiz 1

Anthropology Exam (Part 1)

QuestionAnswer
4 Fields of Anthropology Physical, Cultural, Linguistics, Archeology
Definition: CULTURE the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively
Definition: CULTURAL RELATIVISM principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities are understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.
Definition: ANTHROPOCENTRISIM regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, esp. as opposed to God or animals.
Definition: ETHNOCENTRISIM evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
Definition: GLOBALIZATION develop or be developed so as to make possible international influence or operation
Definition: THE LOCAL Particular cultures
Definition: ETHNOGRAPHY the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology Ethnology
Occupy Wall Street: 4 W's When: Sept. 17, 2011. Who: AdBusters (Canada). Where: Lower Manhattan; ZUCCOTTI SQUARE. Why: Advocate for "99%"; against gov that favored corporations, capitalism v. feudalism, against social and economic inequality
Definition: DE-GROW Change from a consumerist economy to one more "eco-friendly" and less wasteful
Definition: HORIZONTALS Activists who want direct action ____________ | | | | | ex) cooperatives
Definition: VERTICALS Hierarchy with one leader | ---------- | | |
Definition: GENERAL ASSEMBLY Horizontal structure, everyone has a VOICE and a VOTE
(A)narchy v. (a)narchy A= verticals, radicals; a= horizontals, general assembly
Definition: CAPITALISM Private ownership; vertical structure an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Definition: FEUDALISM Vertical structure based on production: in exchange for land, must work land GOV owned (9-15c); precurser to capitalism; could accumulate wealth/status/rank
Definition: SOCIALISM Shared ownership of means of production; a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Definition: CONSERVATIVE a person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics.
Describe the Consensus Process "Vote with Feet" - In other words, if you disagree, YOU CAN LEAVE. "Modified Consensus"= Small groups take on topics, negotiate a compromise, and report to bigger group. NOT the same as a majority rule. Works because people w/o a strong opinion drop it
Describe the Global Justice Movement GRACE- Global Justice for All; Respect for Earth; Abundance and Freedom are Possible; Creativity at Work; Economic Democracy
What does "financialization of capitalism" mean? the shift in gravity of economic activity from production (and even from much of the growing service sector) to finance
Describe the Tea Party Response to govermental corruption and government bail out
Difference between OWS and Tea Party OWS: Demographic base= middle class, young, high level of education V. TP: Suburban, white republicans, anti-intellectual, scared of social change; Fwd looking vs. retaining social hierarchy
What is the future of capitalism? Current structural crisis= transition to another system in 20-30 years. What replaces it? Bifurcation? Communalism? UNKNOWN.
What is the significance of Marx and Engels to economic structure, and what were their "handicaps?" Determinists (structure determines behavior). Both were prisoners of time (19 c thinkers)
Definition: EPISTEMOLOGY the theory of knowledge, esp. with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion
Definition: "Just-So Stories" an unverifiable and unfalsifiable narrative explanation for a cultural practice, a biological trait, or behavior of humans or other animals.
Who is Carl Sagan American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He advocated scientifically skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and search for aliens
Describe deductive reasoning reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. More complex statements built from simpler ones. "If A, then B." Used to test alternate hypothesis.
Describe inductive reasoning Observations of individual cases to form a generality. the process by which a general conclusion is reached from evaluating specific observations or situations.
Inductive v. Deductive? Induction = moving from the specific to the general, while deduction = general to the specific; arguments based on experience or observation = inductively, while arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles = deductively.
What is Evoliteracy? Understanding how evolution effects our enviornment, future, etc. Teaching it as CHANGES THROUGH TIME that created ecology
What are the 4 D's of Human Ecology? Diet Disease Demography Development
Define Human Ecology? subdiscipline of ecology that focuses on humans. More broadly, it is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments.
Describe the theory of natural selection Process that produces adaptation. Postulates: 1- Limited resources available 2- Organisms vary in ABILITY TO SURVIVE and REPRODUCE 3- Inheritable traits= INFLUENCE survival and reproduction
Who is Richard Dawkins? Coined "selfish gene", atheist
What is The Selfish Gene? Book by Richard Dawkins; "gene-centered" view as opposedd to views focused on organism and the group. EACH GENE wants to create more copies of itself.
Describe the Prisoners Dilemma Economic model; When to cooperate and when not to? (Ex- both coop, no sentence; both coop, reduced sentence; either "rat," full sentence for one or both)
Demography Study of the nature of population structure and the change in its composition from generation to generation
Malthus Spokesman for concerns of overpopulation and economic theory of "rent." Point of essay= power of population to increase > power of earth to provide food.
Definition: POOR LAWS A food subsidy to maintain families at or above a bare subsistence level Attacked as an encouragement to the poor, unskilled, and jobless to marry and have children
Describe the Malthusian Trap Economic improvement-population increase- burden on food supply- economic collapse- population decline- recovery
Define the Gaia Hypothesis proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating complex system, maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.
James Lovelock best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment.
The Serengeti Ecosystem in Africa: hosts the largest mammal migration in the world, which is one of the ten natural travel wonders of the world
Definition: ETHNOECOLOGY the scientific study of the way different groups of people in different locations understand ecosystems around them; the environments in which they live; and their relationship with these.
Definition: HORITCULTURE the art or practice of garden cultivation and management.
Definition: PASTORALISM used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle
Definition: DESERTIFICATION the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
Definition: METALLURGY the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification
Definition: EMIGRATION leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another
Definition: URBANIZATION make or become urban in character
Created by: lserra
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