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Modern Russia
Russian History since 1900
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Brusilov Offensive | the only campaign in World War One named after an individual commander-- its failure was not the result of Brusilov's incompetence - the offensive nature of Brusilov's military thinking was in stark contrast to the sterile defensive mentality of Evert. |
| Rasputin | Orthodox Christian and mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and their only son Alexei. Rasputin helped discredit the tsarist government fall of the Romanov dynasty in 1917. |
| International Women's Day (February Revolution) | On February 23, 1917, a large gathering of working-class women convened in the center of Petrograd to mark International Women’s Day. The gathering took the form of a protest demonstration calling for “bread and peace.” |
| Soviets | A Russian word literally meaning “council.” In the early twentieth century, Soviets were governing bodies, similar to labor unions, that existed primarily on the local/municipal level and collectively made policy decisions for their respective regions. |
| Provisional Government | A government that members of the Duma formed following the February Revolution. The provisional government was meant to be temporary and would rule Russia only until the Constituent Assembly decided on a permanent government later. |
| April Thesis | The ideas for Russia’s future that Vladimir Lenin expressed upon his return to Russia in April 1917. They were published in the newspaper Pravda on April 7. In short, Lenin called for the overthrow of the provisional government and its replacement |
| Military Revolutionary Committee | the Bolsheviks had an army of sorts, under the auspices of the Military Revolutionary Committee, technically an organ of the Petrograd Soviet. Lenin and the other Bolshevik leaders, however, knew that these troops were unreliable |
| October Revolution | The main event was that Lenin made his way across town to the Smolny Institute, disguised as a drunk with a toothache. By the morning of October 25, the Winter Palace was the only government building that had not yet been taken. |
| Brest-Litovsk | Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 at Brest-Litovsk beween Russia (Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers marking Russia's exit from World War I. While the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year |
| The Cheka | The other major instrument of Bolshevik power was the secret police, known by the Russian acronym Cheka (for Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage). Cheka enforced rule--vicious. |
| War Communism | was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russiaduring the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. According to Soviet historiography, this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the aim of keeping towns |
| Civil War | the Bolshevik Red Army, often in temporary alliance with other leftist pro-revolutionary groups, fought against the White Army, the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces. |
| Red Army Tactics | combining military tactics of continuous maneuver warfare with constant frontline mobilizations, political agitation and repression, allowed him to develop a theory of class warfare and saw his conversion to a belief in the efficacy of Marxist principles |
| The Kronstadt Rebellion | one of many major unsuccessful left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War. Led by Stepan Petrichenko and consisting of Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians |
| Basic Law Constitution of the USSR | |
| New Economic Policy | was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued |
| Revolutionary Iconoclasm | deliberate destruction of religious icons or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. It is also a name given to the Christian "heresy" |
| League of the Militant Godless | Guided by Bolshevik principles of antireligious propaganda and party's orders with regards to religion, the League aimed at fighting religion in all its manifestations and forming scientific mindset among the workers. It popularized atheism. |
| Gender and Communism | Institution of marriage becomes unimportant--Red Unions instead of marriage and divorces were very easy to get Divorce no longer had a bad connotation--extremely easy to get divorces Marriage rates go down--no longer mattered, the Church was not active |
| Joseph Stalin | A Bolshevik leader who became prominent only after Lenin’s return to Petrograd in April 1917.Lenin made him commissar of nationalities. Lenin felt he would be an effective ambassador of sorts to the many ethnic minorities within the former Russian Empire. |
| Nikolai Bukharin | Initially a supporter of Joseph Stalin after Vladimir Lenin's death, he came to oppose a large number of Stalin's policies and was one of Stalin's most prominent victims during the "Moscow Trials" and purges of the Old Bolsheviks in the late 1930s. |
| Leon Trotsky | Bolshevik leader and one of most prominent figures of the October Revolution. was in exile abroad during February Revolution, returned to Russia in May 1917, aligned with Lenin, joined Bolshevik Party during summer. headed Revolutionary Military Committee |
| Scissors Crisis | is the name for an incident in early Soviet history during the New Economic Policy (NEP), when there was a widening gap ("price scissors") between industrial and agricultural prices. |
| Collectivization | The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. The anticipated surplus was to pay for industrialization. |
| Dekulakization | was the Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations, and executions of millions of the better-off peasants and their families in 1929-1932. |
| Soviet Industrialization | Stalin's First Five-Year Plan, adopted by the party in 1928, called for rapid industrialization of the economy, with an emphasis on heavy industry. It set goals that were unrealistic |
| Genrik Yagoda | was a Soviet state security official who served as director of the NKVD, the Soviet Union's Stalin-era security and intelligence agency, from 1934 to 1936 |
| Law of 1st December | within 10 days anti-terrorist measures would be introduced--dealt with Kirov murder but also dealt with political groups |
| NKVD | was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin. |
| Purges | Following the Law of 1st December there was a wave of purges--Show trials of the 1930's--Orwellian ideas |
| Terror | New era of terror--1 million people were executed and 8 million were sent to the Gulag--most people didn't make it out of the Gulag |
| Socialist Realism | a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other communist countries. Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style having its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism |
| Spanish Civil War | |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | The Soviet-German Aggression Pact was signed in August 1939 with a secret agenda between Hitler and Stalin. |
| Nazi Invasion | |
| Stalingrad | |
| Yalta | |
| Victory Day | |
| Results of the Great Patriotic War | |
| High Stalinism |
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