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Bio110 Chapter 7
Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The muscular system provides _______ & mobility | movement |
| The muscular system provides movement & ________ | mobility |
| The muscular system produces ____ to maintain the body's temperature | Heat |
| The muscular system includes three types of muscle, they are | Skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscles |
| Muscle cells are specialized for __________ | contraction |
| Muscle fibers ________ to produce movement | shorten or contract |
| Muscles ONLY ____ to bring about movement | pull |
| Muscle cells are called | myocytes |
| The brain recruits higher numbers of muscle ______ to produce the desired movement | fibers |
| Skeletal muscles are ____________ muscles | voluntary |
| ________ anchors muscle to bone and other muscles | Tendons |
| Tendons anchor _______ to _____ and other muscles | muscle to bone |
| Tendons are made of fibrous ___________ tissue | connective |
| Flat sheet-like tendons are called | aponeurosis |
| Tendons are a continuation of _____ _____ that covers muscle | deep fascia |
| The tendons merge with the _________ to anchor to bone | periosteum |
| The _____ is where the muscle originates | origin |
| The origin is where the muscle ________ | originates |
| The origin is usually the more ___________ of the two ends and usually more proximal | stationary |
| The __________ is the opposite end of the origin and crosses a joint | insertion |
| The opposite end of the muscle from the origin is the | insertion |
| The primary mover muscle is called | The protagonist |
| The protagonist muscle is the ______ mover | primary |
| The muscle that does the opposite of the desired movement is called the | antagonist |
| The antagonist brings about the ______ of the primary muscles movement | opposite |
| A _________ is a secondary muscle/s that help bring about the desired movement of the primary mover | synergist |
| The synergist is a _________ muscle that brings about the desired movement | secondary |
| The _____ lobes of the brain initiate the signal to the muscle | frontal |
| The ___________ coordinates the movements of muscles | cerebellum |
| The cerebellum _________ the movements of muscles | coordinates |
| Muscle tone is the slight __________ of muscle that is present most of the time | contraction |
| The slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time is responsible for | muscle tone |
| ____________ is heat production from normal muscle metabolism | Thermogenesis |
| Thermogenesis is ____ production from normal muscle metabolism | heat |
| Thermogenesis produces heat in the muscles by decomposition reactions & ________ | friction |
| Increased activity increases | thermogenesis |
| Proprioception is also known as _______ _____ | Muscle sense |
| Muscle sense is also known as | Proprioception |
| Proprioception is the brain's awareness of the position of the _______ and the _____ | muscle and the joint |
| ______ receptors send signals to the brain for proprioception | stretch |
| Stretch receptors send signals to the brain for | proprioception |
| What four organ systems are essential for proper functioning of the muscular system? | Skeletal, respiratory,circulatory, & nervous systems |
| _______ receptors detect changes in the length of the muscle | stretch |
| Stretch receptors detect changes in the _______ of the muscle | length |
| The primary energy source for muscles is | ATP |
| ATP is the _______ energy source for muscles | primary |
| Creatine phosphate and glycogen are muscles _______ source of energy | secondary |
| Creatine phosphate and _______ are muscles secondary source of energy | glycogen |
| ________ is the most abundant energy source for muscles | Glycogen |
| Glycogen is broken down into _______ for cellular respiration | glucose |
| Cellular respiration is glucose + O2 -> CO2 + ___ + ATP + heat | H2O |
| Hemoglobin carries O2 in the ______ | blood |
| Myoglobin carries oxygen to the _______ | muscle |
| Myoglobin makes the muscles a darker ___ | red |
| ________ stores oxygen to the muscles | myoglobin |
| When the oxygen need is greater than the supply, it creates _______ ____ | oxygen debt |
| Oxygen debt is created with the oxygen _____ is greater than the _______ | need, supply |
| During oxygen debt glucose is converted into _____ ____ in anaerobic respiration | Lactic acid |
| Lactic acid is converted to _______ _____ in the liver | pyruvic acid |
| Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid is called | Recovery oxygen uptake |
| Recovery oxygen uptake is the result of _______ debt | oxygen |
| The muscle fiber is the microscopic structure of the _______ cell | muscle |
| The neuromuscular junction is where you will find the _____ nerve ending for each muscle fiber | motor |
| The motor nerve ending connection for each muscle fiber is called the _____________ junction | neuromuscular |
| The motor end plate is the ________ ____ of the motor neuron | enlarged end |
| The enlarged end of the motor neuron is called the _____ ____ ______ | motor end plate |
| The motor end plate contains sacs of ___________ | acetylcholine |
| Exercise that involves muscle contraction WITH movement is called | isotonic |
| Isotonic exercise involves muscle contraction _____ movement | with |
| Exercise that involves muscle contraction WITHOUT movement is called | Isometric |
| Isometric exercise involve muscle contraction ________ movement | without |
| Lactic acid is produced in muscles that lack ______ and it causes fatigue | oxygen |
| When oxygen is not present in contraction muscles, _____ ____ is formed and that causes fatigue | lactic acid |
| The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of ____ _________ | cell respiration |
| The lack of of oxygen during cell respiration causes something referred to as _______ ____ | oxygen debt |
| In the neuromuscular junction, the ____ _______ is the end of the motor neuron | Axon terminal |
| IN the neuromuscular junction, the _______ is the space between the axon terminal and the muscle cell membrane | synapse |
| In the neuromuscular junction, the ________ is the membrane of the muscle fiber | sarcolemma |
| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is contained within the ___ _______ | axon terminal |
| IN the neuromuscular junction, cholinesterase is contained within the __________ | sarcolemma |
| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is inactivated by | cholinesterase |
| The units of contraction within a muscle fiber are called | sarcomeres |
| The sarcomeres are the units of _________ within a muscle fiber | contraction |
| Within the muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains ______ ___ | calcium ions |
| Within a sarcomere, the contracting proteins are _____ & _______ | actin & myosin |
| During polarization, _______ ions are abundant outside the muscle fiber and ________ ions are abundant inside | sodium, potassium |
| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, _______ ions rush _______ the cell | Sodium, into |
| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, there is a ______ charge outside the membrane and a ________ charge inside | negative, positive |
| During repolarization of a muscle fiber, ______ ions rush ______ the cell | potassium, out of |
| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by _________ that allows the entry of sodium ions | acetylcholine |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, _______ filaments pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere | myosin |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are troponin and _________ | tropomyosin |
| Troponin and tropomyosin are the _________ proteins | inhibiting |
| The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called the | sarcolemma |
| The sarcolemma contains _______ sites for acetylcholine | receptor |
| The sarcolemma contains ____________ that deactivates acetylcholine | cholinesterase |
| The _______ is the junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma | synapse |
| The synapse is also known as the ______ _____ | synaptic cleft |
| The contractile unit of the muscle fiber is called a | sarcomere |
| Groups of sarcomeres are called | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils are groups of __________ | sarcomeres |
| _____ is also known as thin filaments | actin |
| Actin is also known as _____ filaments | thin |
| _____ is thin contractile protein that interacts with myosin | Actin |
| Actin is thin contractile protein that interacts with | myosin |
| Myosin is also known as _______ filaments | thick |
| _____ is also known as thick filaments | myosin |
| The protein backbone that anchors actin filaments is called the _-____ | z-line |
| The z-line is the protein backbone that anchors ____ filaments | actin |
| The z-line forms the end boundaries of the ________ | sarcomere |
| The end boundaries of the sarcomere are formed by the _-____ | z-line |
| The protein that anchors myosin to the z-line is called | Titin |
| Titin is the protein that anchors ______ to the z-line | myosin |
| _______ & _________ are the inhibitory proteins that prevent contraction or sliding when a muscle is relaxed | troponin & tropomyosin |
| The endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell is called _______ _______ | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the ________ reticulum of the muscle cell | endoplasmic |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ______ ions | calcium |
| Calcium ions are stored in the _________ _______ of the muscle cell | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Sarcolemma polarization requires ___ | ATP |
| ATP is required in _________ polarization | sarcolemma |
| The _-_______ are channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell | T-tubules |
| Muscle contraction is made possible by the _______ filament mechanism | sliding |
| Reducing the angle of a joint is called | Flexion |
| Increasing the angle of a joint is called | Extension |
| Tilting the foot/ankle medially is called | Inversion |
| Tilting the foot/ankle laterally is called | Eversion |
| Rotating the palm up is called | Supination |
| Rotating the palm down is called | Pronation |
| Lateral flexion is ____ bending | side |
| Rotating around a joint is called | Rotation |
| Moving in a circular motion without rotating is called | Circumduction |
| Moving in a _______ motion without rotating is called circumduction | circular |
| Bringing a part away from the midline is called | Abduction |
| Abduction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline | away |
| Bringing a part toward the midline is called | Adduction |
| Adduction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline | toward |
| Bringing a part toward the midline or posteriorly is called | Retraction |
| Retraction is when you bring a part _____ the midline or posteriorly | Toward |
| Bringing a part away from the midline or anteriorly is called | Protraction |
| Protraction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline or anteriorly | away |
| Moving something on a level plane is called | Translation |
| Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint is called | Dorsiflexion |
| Translation is when something is moving on a ____ ____ | level plane |
| Increasing the angle of the ankle is called | Plantar flexion |
| Dorsiflexion is _________ the angle of the ankle joint | decreasing |
| Plantar flexion is ______ the angle of the ankle joint | increasing |
| To flex the arm the _____ ______ contract to pull the forearm up | Biceps Brachii |
| To extend the arm the _____ ______ contract to straighten the arm | Triceps Brachii |
| When a muscle contracts it ________ and _____ a bone | shortens & pulls |
| Muscles are attached to bones by ______ | tendons |
| An antagonist to a muscle that flexes the arm would be a muscle that _______ the arm | extends |
| The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the __________ | Cerebellum |
| The specific part of the brain that initiates muscles contraction is the _____ ____ | Frontal lobe |
| During exercise, the blood flow within a muscles is increased by | vasodilation |
| Synergistic muscles are those that have the same ________ | function |
| An isometric contraction is one ________ movement | without |
| An isotonic contraction is one _____ movement | with |
| The mineral released within sarcomeres to trigger contraction is _______ | calcium |
| Conscious muscle sense is integrated by the ______ lobes of the brain | parietal |
| The ______ of a muscle merges with the periosteum that covers the bone | tendon |
| The deltoid is the shoulder muscle that ______ the arm | abducts |
| Good muscle tone improves ____________ and helps maintain posture | coordination |
| In the muscle when glycogen is used for energy, it is first broken down to | glucose |
| The axon terminal is the end of the _____ neuron | motor |
| Acetylcholine makes the sarcolemma very permeable to ________ ions | sodium |
| Increase cell respiration produces more heat, ___ and carbon dioxide | ATP |
| During exercise, increased respiration is necessary to exhale excess _______ _______ | carbon dioxide |
| Oxygen is brought to muscle fibers by __________ in red blood cells | hemoglobin |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions following ______________ | depolarization |
| During depolarization, the inside of the sarcolemma becomes | Positive |
| Antagonistic muscles are on _______ sides of a joint | opposite |
| A ________ is a sustained contraction of one muscle fiber | tetanus |
| A tetanus is a _________ contraction of one muscle fiber | sustained |
| Muscle sense is the brain's mental picture of where ________ are in their environment | muscles |
| ___________ causes depolarization of the sarcolemma | Acetylcholine |
| Muscle ____________ are responsible for skeletal movement | contractions |
| Muscle contraction requires delivery of oxygen by the ___________ system | circulatory |
| _________ muscles work together | Synergistic |
| The _____________ muscle plantar flexes the foot | gastrocnemius |
| The ________ muscle closes the jaw | masseter |
| The gluteus _______ muscle abducts the thigh | medius |
| The __________ muscle raise the shoulder | Trapezius |
| The mineral on myoglobin and hemoglobin that oxygen sticks to is | iron |
| The opposite of flexion is | extension |
| The opposite of extension is | flexion |
| The opposite of abduction is | Adduction |
| The opposite of adduction is | abduction |
| The opposite of pronation is | supination |
| The opposite of supination is | pronation |
| The opposite of plantar flexion is | Dorsiflexion |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is | Plantar Flexion |
| Uncontrolled rapid nerve impulses that prolong a muscles contraction is called | tetanus |
| ________ ions are more abundant inside the cell during polarization | potassium |
| _______ releases energy from ATP, then pulls the actin | myosin |
| When a muscle fiber is relaxed, the sarcolemma has a _______ charge outside and a ______ charge inside | Positive, negative |
| The concentrations of ions are maintained by ________ & _______ pumps during polarization, depolarization, and repolarization | sodium & potassium |
| The structural units of contractions are | sarcomeres |
| The proteins that contract when a muscle fiber receives a nerve impulse are ______ & _______ | myosin & actin |
| The stretching of muscles is detected by ______ ________ | stretch receptors |
| Besides strengthening skeletal muscles of the body, aerobic exercise also strengthens the ______ & ___________ muscles | Heart & respiratory |
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