Muscular System
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| The muscular system provides _______ & mobility | movement
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| The muscular system provides movement & ________ | mobility
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| The muscular system produces ____ to maintain the body's temperature | Heat
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| The muscular system includes three types of muscle, they are | Skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscles
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| Muscle cells are specialized for __________ | contraction
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| Muscle fibers ________ to produce movement | shorten or contract
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| Muscles ONLY ____ to bring about movement | pull
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| Muscle cells are called | myocytes
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| The brain recruits higher numbers of muscle ______ to produce the desired movement | fibers
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| Skeletal muscles are ____________ muscles | voluntary
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| ________ anchors muscle to bone and other muscles | Tendons
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| Tendons anchor _______ to _____ and other muscles | muscle to bone
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| Tendons are made of fibrous ___________ tissue | connective
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| Flat sheet-like tendons are called | aponeurosis
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| Tendons are a continuation of _____ _____ that covers muscle | deep fascia
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| The tendons merge with the _________ to anchor to bone | periosteum
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| The _____ is where the muscle originates | origin
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| The origin is where the muscle ________ | originates
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| The origin is usually the more ___________ of the two ends and usually more proximal | stationary
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| The __________ is the opposite end of the origin and crosses a joint | insertion
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| The opposite end of the muscle from the origin is the | insertion
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| The primary mover muscle is called | The protagonist
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| The protagonist muscle is the ______ mover | primary
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| The muscle that does the opposite of the desired movement is called the | antagonist
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| The antagonist brings about the ______ of the primary muscles movement | opposite
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| A _________ is a secondary muscle/s that help bring about the desired movement of the primary mover | synergist
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| The synergist is a _________ muscle that brings about the desired movement | secondary
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| The _____ lobes of the brain initiate the signal to the muscle | frontal
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| The ___________ coordinates the movements of muscles | cerebellum
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| The cerebellum _________ the movements of muscles | coordinates
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| Muscle tone is the slight __________ of muscle that is present most of the time | contraction
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| The slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time is responsible for | muscle tone
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| ____________ is heat production from normal muscle metabolism | Thermogenesis
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| Thermogenesis is ____ production from normal muscle metabolism | heat
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| Thermogenesis produces heat in the muscles by decomposition reactions & ________ | friction
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| Increased activity increases | thermogenesis
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| Proprioception is also known as _______ _____ | Muscle sense
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| Muscle sense is also known as | Proprioception
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| Proprioception is the brain's awareness of the position of the _______ and the _____ | muscle and the joint
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| ______ receptors send signals to the brain for proprioception | stretch
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| Stretch receptors send signals to the brain for | proprioception
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| What four organ systems are essential for proper functioning of the muscular system? | Skeletal, respiratory,circulatory, & nervous systems
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| _______ receptors detect changes in the length of the muscle | stretch
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| Stretch receptors detect changes in the _______ of the muscle | length
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| The primary energy source for muscles is | ATP
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| ATP is the _______ energy source for muscles | primary
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| Creatine phosphate and glycogen are muscles _______ source of energy | secondary
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| Creatine phosphate and _______ are muscles secondary source of energy | glycogen
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| ________ is the most abundant energy source for muscles | Glycogen
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| Glycogen is broken down into _______ for cellular respiration | glucose
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| Cellular respiration is glucose + O2 -> CO2 + ___ + ATP + heat | H2O
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| Hemoglobin carries O2 in the ______ | blood
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| Myoglobin carries oxygen to the _______ | muscle
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| Myoglobin makes the muscles a darker ___ | red
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| ________ stores oxygen to the muscles | myoglobin
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| When the oxygen need is greater than the supply, it creates _______ ____ | oxygen debt
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| Oxygen debt is created with the oxygen _____ is greater than the _______ | need, supply
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| During oxygen debt glucose is converted into _____ ____ in anaerobic respiration | Lactic acid
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| Lactic acid is converted to _______ _____ in the liver | pyruvic acid
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| Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid is called | Recovery oxygen uptake
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| Recovery oxygen uptake is the result of _______ debt | oxygen
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| The muscle fiber is the microscopic structure of the _______ cell | muscle
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| The neuromuscular junction is where you will find the _____ nerve ending for each muscle fiber | motor
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| The motor nerve ending connection for each muscle fiber is called the _____________ junction | neuromuscular
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| The motor end plate is the ________ ____ of the motor neuron | enlarged end
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| The enlarged end of the motor neuron is called the _____ ____ ______ | motor end plate
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| The motor end plate contains sacs of ___________ | acetylcholine
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| Exercise that involves muscle contraction WITH movement is called | isotonic
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| Isotonic exercise involves muscle contraction _____ movement | with
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| Exercise that involves muscle contraction WITHOUT movement is called | Isometric
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| Isometric exercise involve muscle contraction ________ movement | without
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| Lactic acid is produced in muscles that lack ______ and it causes fatigue | oxygen
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| When oxygen is not present in contraction muscles, _____ ____ is formed and that causes fatigue | lactic acid
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| The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of ____ _________ | cell respiration
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| The lack of of oxygen during cell respiration causes something referred to as _______ ____ | oxygen debt
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| In the neuromuscular junction, the ____ _______ is the end of the motor neuron | Axon terminal
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| IN the neuromuscular junction, the _______ is the space between the axon terminal and the muscle cell membrane | synapse
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| In the neuromuscular junction, the ________ is the membrane of the muscle fiber | sarcolemma
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| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is contained within the ___ _______ | axon terminal
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| IN the neuromuscular junction, cholinesterase is contained within the __________ | sarcolemma
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| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is inactivated by | cholinesterase
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| The units of contraction within a muscle fiber are called | sarcomeres
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| The sarcomeres are the units of _________ within a muscle fiber | contraction
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| Within the muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains ______ ___ | calcium ions
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| Within a sarcomere, the contracting proteins are _____ & _______ | actin & myosin
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| During polarization, _______ ions are abundant outside the muscle fiber and ________ ions are abundant inside | sodium, potassium
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| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, _______ ions rush _______ the cell | Sodium, into
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| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, there is a ______ charge outside the membrane and a ________ charge inside | negative, positive
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| During repolarization of a muscle fiber, ______ ions rush ______ the cell | potassium, out of
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| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by _________ that allows the entry of sodium ions | acetylcholine
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| In the sliding filament mechanism, _______ filaments pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere | myosin
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| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are troponin and _________ | tropomyosin
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| Troponin and tropomyosin are the _________ proteins | inhibiting
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| The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called the | sarcolemma
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| The sarcolemma contains _______ sites for acetylcholine | receptor
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| The sarcolemma contains ____________ that deactivates acetylcholine | cholinesterase
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| The _______ is the junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma | synapse
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| The synapse is also known as the ______ _____ | synaptic cleft
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| The contractile unit of the muscle fiber is called a | sarcomere
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| Groups of sarcomeres are called | myofibrils
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| Myofibrils are groups of __________ | sarcomeres
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| _____ is also known as thin filaments | actin
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| Actin is also known as _____ filaments | thin
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| _____ is thin contractile protein that interacts with myosin | Actin
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| Actin is thin contractile protein that interacts with | myosin
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| Myosin is also known as _______ filaments | thick
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| _____ is also known as thick filaments | myosin
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| The protein backbone that anchors actin filaments is called the _-____ | z-line
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| The z-line is the protein backbone that anchors ____ filaments | actin
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| The z-line forms the end boundaries of the ________ | sarcomere
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| The end boundaries of the sarcomere are formed by the _-____ | z-line
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| The protein that anchors myosin to the z-line is called | Titin
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| Titin is the protein that anchors ______ to the z-line | myosin
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| _______ & _________ are the inhibitory proteins that prevent contraction or sliding when a muscle is relaxed | troponin & tropomyosin
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| The endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell is called _______ _______ | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the ________ reticulum of the muscle cell | endoplasmic
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ______ ions | calcium
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| Calcium ions are stored in the _________ _______ of the muscle cell | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| Sarcolemma polarization requires ___ | ATP
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| ATP is required in _________ polarization | sarcolemma
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| The _-_______ are channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell | T-tubules
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| Muscle contraction is made possible by the _______ filament mechanism | sliding
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| Reducing the angle of a joint is called | Flexion
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| Increasing the angle of a joint is called | Extension
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| Tilting the foot/ankle medially is called | Inversion
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| Tilting the foot/ankle laterally is called | Eversion
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| Rotating the palm up is called | Supination
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| Rotating the palm down is called | Pronation
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| Lateral flexion is ____ bending | side
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| Rotating around a joint is called | Rotation
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| Moving in a circular motion without rotating is called | Circumduction
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| Moving in a _______ motion without rotating is called circumduction | circular
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| Bringing a part away from the midline is called | Abduction
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| Abduction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline | away
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| Bringing a part toward the midline is called | Adduction
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| Adduction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline | toward
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| Bringing a part toward the midline or posteriorly is called | Retraction
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| Retraction is when you bring a part _____ the midline or posteriorly | Toward
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| Bringing a part away from the midline or anteriorly is called | Protraction
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| Protraction is when you bring a part _____ from the midline or anteriorly | away
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| Moving something on a level plane is called | Translation
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| Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint is called | Dorsiflexion
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| Translation is when something is moving on a ____ ____ | level plane
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| Increasing the angle of the ankle is called | Plantar flexion
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| Dorsiflexion is _________ the angle of the ankle joint | decreasing
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| Plantar flexion is ______ the angle of the ankle joint | increasing
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| To flex the arm the _____ ______ contract to pull the forearm up | Biceps Brachii
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| To extend the arm the _____ ______ contract to straighten the arm | Triceps Brachii
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| When a muscle contracts it ________ and _____ a bone | shortens & pulls
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| Muscles are attached to bones by ______ | tendons
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| An antagonist to a muscle that flexes the arm would be a muscle that _______ the arm | extends
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| The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the __________ | Cerebellum
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| The specific part of the brain that initiates muscles contraction is the _____ ____ | Frontal lobe
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| During exercise, the blood flow within a muscles is increased by | vasodilation
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| Synergistic muscles are those that have the same ________ | function
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| An isometric contraction is one ________ movement | without
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| An isotonic contraction is one _____ movement | with
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| The mineral released within sarcomeres to trigger contraction is _______ | calcium
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| Conscious muscle sense is integrated by the ______ lobes of the brain | parietal
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| The ______ of a muscle merges with the periosteum that covers the bone | tendon
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| The deltoid is the shoulder muscle that ______ the arm | abducts
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| Good muscle tone improves ____________ and helps maintain posture | coordination
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| In the muscle when glycogen is used for energy, it is first broken down to | glucose
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| The axon terminal is the end of the _____ neuron | motor
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| Acetylcholine makes the sarcolemma very permeable to ________ ions | sodium
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| Increase cell respiration produces more heat, ___ and carbon dioxide | ATP
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| During exercise, increased respiration is necessary to exhale excess _______ _______ | carbon dioxide
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| Oxygen is brought to muscle fibers by __________ in red blood cells | hemoglobin
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions following ______________ | depolarization
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| During depolarization, the inside of the sarcolemma becomes | Positive
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| Antagonistic muscles are on _______ sides of a joint | opposite
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| A ________ is a sustained contraction of one muscle fiber | tetanus
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| A tetanus is a _________ contraction of one muscle fiber | sustained
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| Muscle sense is the brain's mental picture of where ________ are in their environment | muscles
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| ___________ causes depolarization of the sarcolemma | Acetylcholine
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| Muscle ____________ are responsible for skeletal movement | contractions
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| Muscle contraction requires delivery of oxygen by the ___________ system | circulatory
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| _________ muscles work together | Synergistic
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| The _____________ muscle plantar flexes the foot | gastrocnemius
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| The ________ muscle closes the jaw | masseter
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| The gluteus _______ muscle abducts the thigh | medius
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| The __________ muscle raise the shoulder | Trapezius
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| The mineral on myoglobin and hemoglobin that oxygen sticks to is | iron
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| The opposite of flexion is | extension
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| The opposite of extension is | flexion
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| The opposite of abduction is | Adduction
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| The opposite of adduction is | abduction
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| The opposite of pronation is | supination
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| The opposite of supination is | pronation
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| The opposite of plantar flexion is | Dorsiflexion
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| The opposite of dorsiflexion is | Plantar Flexion
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| Uncontrolled rapid nerve impulses that prolong a muscles contraction is called | tetanus
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| ________ ions are more abundant inside the cell during polarization | potassium
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| _______ releases energy from ATP, then pulls the actin | myosin
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| When a muscle fiber is relaxed, the sarcolemma has a _______ charge outside and a ______ charge inside | Positive, negative
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| The concentrations of ions are maintained by ________ & _______ pumps during polarization, depolarization, and repolarization | sodium & potassium
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| The structural units of contractions are | sarcomeres
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| The proteins that contract when a muscle fiber receives a nerve impulse are ______ & _______ | myosin & actin
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| The stretching of muscles is detected by ______ ________ | stretch receptors
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| Besides strengthening skeletal muscles of the body, aerobic exercise also strengthens the ______ & ___________ muscles | Heart & respiratory
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