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WS unit 2b
Enlightenment and Revolutions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister to Louis XIII, who brought great power to France |
| Thirty Years’ War | Protestant rebellion started in Prague against the Holy Roman Empire and encouraged by Cardinal Richieliu |
| Versailles | palace built by Louis XIV representing the power and grandeur of the French monarch |
| Louis XIV (The Sun King) | absolute monarch of France, name was symbolic of center of world and rays reached far and wide |
| Divine right of kings | God had chosen ruler – to question him would be to question God |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | an advisor to Louis XIV who guided France to become an economic power |
| War of the Spanish Succession | Louis XIV’s grandson, Phillip V was the heir to the Spanish throne and the rest of Europe fought them as they feared 2 nations under one family’s (Bourbon) control |
| Peter the Great | Czar Peter I, a Romanov, increased the power of Russia by westernizing industry. |
| Service nobility | a system created by Peter the Great where individual rank of nobility depended on performance of government service |
| Catherine the Great | Catherine II, married grandson of Peter the Great, ruled Russia from 1762-1796, expanded territory of Russia by 200,000 square miles |
| Elizabeth I | daughter to Henry VIII, half-sister to Mary I, used monarchy and Parliament to prevent conflict and strengthen Protestantism |
| Mary I (Bloody Mary) | oldest daughter of Henry VIII, she tried to make England a Catholic nation again, persecuting many to get her nickname |
| Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots) | Catholic Queen of Scotland who escaped problems in her country by fleeing to England where she was imprisoned and then executed by Elizabeth I |
| Spanish Armada | strongest navy in the world (“Invincible Armada”) defeated by Francis Drake securing Elizabeth’s throne |
| Puritans in England | threatened the Church of England, believed it was not pure enough, too close to Catholicism – persecuted by Elizabeth I |
| Gentry | landowners in England who had social positions but no titles |
| Burgesses | merchants and professional people from towns and cities who could own land |
| James I (King James VI of Scotland) | son of Mary Queen of Scots, heir to throne of Elizabeth I who had no children. Anglican Church supporter – King James Bible |
| Rationalism | belief that the truth can be determined solely by logical thinking |
| Philosophes | Enlightenment thinkers, published their ideas in books, pamphlets, plays, newspapers |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | France - popular sovereignty - government must be controlled by the people |
| The Social Contract | people are naturally good, but environment, education, and laws corrupt them |
| Thomas Hobbes | people in nature live in a state of anarchy, need to be ruled to survive |
| The Leviathan | the natural world was a place in which only the strong would survive unless there was a ruler to control them |
| John Locke | People had the right to life, liberty, and property |
| The First and Second Treatises on Civil Government | governments exist to protect the rights of individuals, government that denies them those rights can be overthrown |
| Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) | he liked the British political system because it protected individual rights, France did not. “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” |
| Candide | play about freedom of speech – his attacks on the French monarchy, nobility, and church resulted in his imprisonment |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Britain had the best government, criticized the power of king and nobility in France |
| The Spirit of Laws | best government has a separation of powers into 3 branches – executive, judicial, legislative |
| Enlightened despotism | a system in which an absolute monarch can rule, but only by the principles of the Enlightenment |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment thinker who spoke for equality of women |
| Criteria for a revolution | (1) most of the people are upset, (2) happens in a relatively short amount of time, (3) a great and lasting change is made |
| Louis XIV | spent much money on his palace at Versailles where he housed the nobility to control them, and other objects of wealth, weakening the treasury and calling for more taxes from the 3rd Estate |
| Louis XVI | further weakened the treasury through his spending for luxury items and funding to the American colonies in their war for independence against Britain |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XV, daughter of the Austrian empress Maria Theresa, resented by the people of France |
| Bourgeoisie | the educated and wealthy urban middle class who was at the top of the 3rd Estate |
| Estates General | The representative body in France, made up of 3 Estates |
| First Estate | nobility |
| Second Estate | clergy |
| Third Estate | bourgeoisie and peasants |
| The Bastille | prison in Paris that represented royal oppression, prisoners were freed in the revolution |
| National Assembly | members of the 3rd Estate who broke from the Estates General and invited the 1st and 2nd estates to join them in writing a new constitution for France |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | written by the National Assembly, stated that men are born equal and remain equal before the law, guaranteed freedom of speech, press, religion, all men have right to participate in government, hold office, have a trial |
| National Convention | the legislative body that ruled France for 3 years after the fall of Louis XVI and the Estates General. They found Louis XVI guilty and beheaded him |
| Jacobins | one group of delegates at the National Convention who feared the domination of Paris |
| Girondins | one group of delegates at the National Convention who wanted Paris to dominate |
| Robespierre | leader of the Committee of Public Safety that tried to stomp out anyone who was an enemy of the Republic |
| Reign of Terror | September 1793-July 1794 when all enemies of France were sent to the guillotine |
| Directory | In 1795, the National Convention rewrote the constitution of France and organized into 2 houses – a 500 member lower house proposed laws and sent them to a 250 member upper house for approval or rejection, and an executive, “Directory” of 5 individuals |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | a military hero who was a member of the Directory but claimed sole power over France |
Created by:
raiver
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