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endocrine system 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the name of the secretory cells associated with the pineal gland? | pinealocytes |
| pinealocytes are associated with the _____________ fibers of the __________ division | preganglionic, sympathetic |
| pinealocytes are surrounded by the ___ _____ | pia mater |
| producers and secretors of melatonin and adrenoglomerulotropin | pinealocytes |
| the pineal gland begins to calcify at puberty, forming _____ _____ | brain sands |
| brain sands are associated with a ________ in melatonin production | decrease |
| what increases melatonin production? | dark |
| what inhibits melatonin production? | light |
| when is melatonin production at its lowest point? | noon |
| where is the pineal gland located? | third ventricle of the brain |
| what type of hormone is melatonin? | amine |
| which amino acid manufactures melatonin? | tryptophan |
| name the five functions of melatonin | regulate circadian rhythms prevent aging antioxidant enhance immunity inhibit gonadotropic hormones |
| what do gonadotropic hormones do in children? | regulate timing of puberty |
| how is melatonin associated with seasonal depression and jet lag? | the decrease in light during winter stimulates melatonin production disruption in circadian rhythm, which is regulated by melatonin |
| what type of hormone is adrenoglomerulotropin? | P&P |
| what is the function of adrenoglomerulotropin? | stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex |
| the hypophysis is also referred to as what? | pituitary gland |
| the epiphysis cerebri is also referred to as what? | pineal gland |
| which gland is commonly called the master gland? | pituitary |
| where is the pituitary gland located? | hypophyseal fossa of the sella turnica |
| what controls the hormonal secretions of the hypophysis? | the hypothalamus |
| what is the infundibulum? | a stalk-like structure that connects the pituitary gland to the frontal lobe |
| the hypophysis has ___ lobes, seperated by the ____ _____ | two, pars intermedia |
| the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is called what? | the adenohypophysis |
| the adenohypophysis is controlled __________ | hormonally |
| the posterior lobe of the hypophysis is called what? | neurohypophysis |
| the neurohypophysis is controlled ________ | neurally |
| the adenohypophysis is comprised of _ troph cells | 5 |
| what does somatotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | hGH, red |
| what does lactotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | PRL, red |
| what does thyrotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | TSH, blue |
| what hormones do gonadotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | FSH and LH, blue |
| what hormones do corticotroph cell secrete? | MSH and ACTH |
| what controls troph cell secretion? | hypothalamus |
| name the 2 regulating factors of adenohypophyseal hormone control | releasing & inhibiting |
| what type of hormones are the regulating factors of the adenhypophysis? | P&Ps |
| what is a tropic hormone? | a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland or tissue to secrete another hormone |
| if an adenohypophyseal hormone is classified as tropic, it will be governed by _________ factor only | releasing |
| if an adenohypophyseal hormone is classified as non-tropic, it will be governed by _________ and __________ factors | releasing & inhibiting |
| series of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis | hypophyseal portal system |
| hGH is secreted by what? | the somatotroph cell |
| what is the function of hGH? | general body growth |
| is hGH tropic or non-tropic? | non-tropic |
| what does hGHRH (somatocrinin) do? | releases hGH |
| what does hGHIH (smonatostatin) do? | inhibits hGH |
| hGH is a ____ catabolist, ____________ catabolist, and _______ anabolist | lipid, carbohydrate, protein |
| what factors influence hGH release? | increase in amino acids, decrease in glucose, decrease in fatty acids |
| what factors inhibit hGH release? | decrease in amino acids, increase in glucose, increase in fatty acids |
| hGH increases at _____ | night |
| hGH secretion _________ as we age | decreases |
| what can the hypersecretion of hGH cause? | gigantism, acromegaly |
| what can the hyposecretion of hGH cause? | dwarfism, progeria |
| what does PRL do? | acts on alveoli to produce milk |
| what type of hormone is PRL? | P&P, non-tropic |
| what does PRH do? | releases PRL |
| what does PIH (dopamine) do? | inhibits PRL |
| what type of hormones are PRH and PIH? | P&P |
| the influence of PIH dominates in _____ | males |
| hypersecretion of PRL in males may cause ________ ___________ | erectile dysfunction |
| PRL is affected by _________ swings in females | estrogen |
| in females, a(n) __________ estrogen level leads to a _________ PRL level | increased, decreased OR decreased, increased |
| name the signs and symptoms of PRL hypersecretion in females | galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility |
| what is the function of TSH? | stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T$ |
| what type of hormone is TSH? | P&P |
| is TSH tropic or non-tropic? | tropic |
| through which hormone is TSH controlled? | TRH |
| a(n) ________ in TRH leads to a(n) ________ in TSH | increase, increase OR decrease, decrease |
| name three situations in which thyroid hormone secretion is increased | pregnancy, decreased temperature, decreased blood levels of thyroid hormone |
| what is the function of FSH in females? | oogenesis |
| what is the function of FSH in males? | spermatogenesis |
| what type of hormone is FSH? | P&P, tropic |
| through which hormone is the release of FSH controlled? | GnRH |
| what is the function of LH in females? | ovulation |
| what type of hormone is LH? | P&P, tropic |
| what is the function of LH in males? | testosterone release |
| which hormone controls the release of LH? | GnRH |
| what will happen as a result of the hyposecretion of LH? | decreased sexual maturation, inability to produce gametes |
| why is the corticotroph cell unusual? | it secretes tropic and non-tropic hormones |
| what is the function of MSH? | affects skin pigmentation |
| what type of hormone is MSH? | P&P, non-tropic |
| which hormones control the release of MSH? | MRH, MIH |
| what is the function of ACTH? | acts on the zona fasiculata to increase cortisol secretion |
| what type of hormone is ACTH? | P&P, tropic |
| which hormone controls the release of ACTH? | CRH |
| CRH is a ________________ as well as a hormone | neurotransmitter |
| name three things that stimulate the release of CRH | stress, fever, hypoglycemia |
| name the two hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis | OT & ADH |
| nerve impulses pass down the ________________________ tract to allow the release of either ADH or OT | hypothalamohypophyseal |
| what is the function of OT? | milk letdown, uterine contractions |
| ________ information is often required for the release of OT | sensory |
| what is an oxytocic and what are they used for? | synthetic oxytocin stimulate uterine contraction, better milk letdown, prevent postpartum hemorrhage |
| how does OT affect sexual arousal? | sexual arousal in sexually active individuals, "cuddle hormone" in non-sexually active individuals |
| what type of hormone is ADH? | P&P |
| what is the function of ADH? | regulates water balance |
| on what three structures does ADH act? | DCT, salivary glands, blood vessels |
| what is another name for ADH? | vasopressin |
| what happens to blood pressure in dehydration? ...edema? | decreases, increases |
| what three factors will stimulate ADH? | dehydration, low fluid intake, decreased blood pressure |
| what four factors will inhibit ADH? | caffeine, diuretics, high water intake, edema |
| what will the hyposecretion of ADH cause? | increased urination |
| what will the hypersecretion of ADH cause? | decreased urination |
Created by:
mhaye26
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