endocrine system 2
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| what is the name of the secretory cells associated with the pineal gland? | pinealocytes
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| pinealocytes are associated with the _____________ fibers of the __________ division | preganglionic, sympathetic
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| pinealocytes are surrounded by the ___ _____ | pia mater
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| producers and secretors of melatonin and adrenoglomerulotropin | pinealocytes
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| the pineal gland begins to calcify at puberty, forming _____ _____ | brain sands
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| brain sands are associated with a ________ in melatonin production | decrease
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| what increases melatonin production? | dark
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| what inhibits melatonin production? | light
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| when is melatonin production at its lowest point? | noon
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| where is the pineal gland located? | third ventricle of the brain
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| what type of hormone is melatonin? | amine
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| which amino acid manufactures melatonin? | tryptophan
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| name the five functions of melatonin | regulate circadian rhythms
prevent aging
antioxidant
enhance immunity
inhibit gonadotropic hormones
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| what do gonadotropic hormones do in children? | regulate timing of puberty
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| how is melatonin associated with seasonal depression and jet lag? | the decrease in light during winter stimulates melatonin production
disruption in circadian rhythm, which is regulated by melatonin
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| what type of hormone is adrenoglomerulotropin? | P&P
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| what is the function of adrenoglomerulotropin? | stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
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| the hypophysis is also referred to as what? | pituitary gland
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| the epiphysis cerebri is also referred to as what? | pineal gland
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| which gland is commonly called the master gland? | pituitary
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| where is the pituitary gland located? | hypophyseal fossa of the sella turnica
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| what controls the hormonal secretions of the hypophysis? | the hypothalamus
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| what is the infundibulum? | a stalk-like structure that connects the pituitary gland to the frontal lobe
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| the hypophysis has ___ lobes, seperated by the ____ _____ | two, pars intermedia
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| the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is called what? | the adenohypophysis
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| the adenohypophysis is controlled __________ | hormonally
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| the posterior lobe of the hypophysis is called what? | neurohypophysis
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| the neurohypophysis is controlled ________ | neurally
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| the adenohypophysis is comprised of _ troph cells | 5
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| what does somatotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | hGH, red
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| what does lactotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | PRL, red
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| what does thyrotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | TSH, blue
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| what hormones do gonadotroph secrete, and what color does it stain? | FSH and LH, blue
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| what hormones do corticotroph cell secrete? | MSH and ACTH
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| what controls troph cell secretion? | hypothalamus
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| name the 2 regulating factors of adenohypophyseal hormone control | releasing & inhibiting
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| what type of hormones are the regulating factors of the adenhypophysis? | P&Ps
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| what is a tropic hormone? | a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland or tissue to secrete another hormone
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| if an adenohypophyseal hormone is classified as tropic, it will be governed by _________ factor only | releasing
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| if an adenohypophyseal hormone is classified as non-tropic, it will be governed by _________ and __________ factors | releasing & inhibiting
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| series of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis | hypophyseal portal system
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| hGH is secreted by what? | the somatotroph cell
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| what is the function of hGH? | general body growth
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| is hGH tropic or non-tropic? | non-tropic
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| what does hGHRH (somatocrinin) do? | releases hGH
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| what does hGHIH (smonatostatin) do? | inhibits hGH
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| hGH is a ____ catabolist, ____________ catabolist, and _______ anabolist | lipid, carbohydrate, protein
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| what factors influence hGH release? | increase in amino acids, decrease in glucose, decrease in fatty acids
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| what factors inhibit hGH release? | decrease in amino acids, increase in glucose, increase in fatty acids
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| hGH increases at _____ | night
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| hGH secretion _________ as we age | decreases
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| what can the hypersecretion of hGH cause? | gigantism, acromegaly
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| what can the hyposecretion of hGH cause? | dwarfism, progeria
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| what does PRL do? | acts on alveoli to produce milk
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| what type of hormone is PRL? | P&P, non-tropic
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| what does PRH do? | releases PRL
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| what does PIH (dopamine) do? | inhibits PRL
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| what type of hormones are PRH and PIH? | P&P
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| the influence of PIH dominates in _____ | males
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| hypersecretion of PRL in males may cause ________ ___________ | erectile dysfunction
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| PRL is affected by _________ swings in females | estrogen
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| in females, a(n) __________ estrogen level leads to a _________ PRL level | increased, decreased
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decreased, increased
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| name the signs and symptoms of PRL hypersecretion in females | galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility
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| what is the function of TSH? | stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T$
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| what type of hormone is TSH? | P&P
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| is TSH tropic or non-tropic? | tropic
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| through which hormone is TSH controlled? | TRH
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| a(n) ________ in TRH leads to a(n) ________ in TSH | increase, increase
OR
decrease, decrease
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| name three situations in which thyroid hormone secretion is increased | pregnancy, decreased temperature, decreased blood levels of thyroid hormone
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| what is the function of FSH in females? | oogenesis
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| what is the function of FSH in males? | spermatogenesis
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| what type of hormone is FSH? | P&P, tropic
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| through which hormone is the release of FSH controlled? | GnRH
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| what is the function of LH in females? | ovulation
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| what type of hormone is LH? | P&P, tropic
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| what is the function of LH in males? | testosterone release
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| which hormone controls the release of LH? | GnRH
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| what will happen as a result of the hyposecretion of LH? | decreased sexual maturation, inability to produce gametes
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| why is the corticotroph cell unusual? | it secretes tropic and non-tropic hormones
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| what is the function of MSH? | affects skin pigmentation
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| what type of hormone is MSH? | P&P, non-tropic
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| which hormones control the release of MSH? | MRH, MIH
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| what is the function of ACTH? | acts on the zona fasiculata to increase cortisol secretion
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| what type of hormone is ACTH? | P&P, tropic
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| which hormone controls the release of ACTH? | CRH
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| CRH is a ________________ as well as a hormone | neurotransmitter
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| name three things that stimulate the release of CRH | stress, fever, hypoglycemia
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| name the two hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis | OT & ADH
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| nerve impulses pass down the ________________________ tract to allow the release of either ADH or OT | hypothalamohypophyseal
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| what is the function of OT? | milk letdown, uterine contractions
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| ________ information is often required for the release of OT | sensory
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| what is an oxytocic and what are they used for? | synthetic oxytocin
stimulate uterine contraction, better milk letdown, prevent postpartum hemorrhage
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| how does OT affect sexual arousal? | sexual arousal in sexually active individuals, "cuddle hormone" in non-sexually active individuals
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| what type of hormone is ADH? | P&P
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| what is the function of ADH? | regulates water balance
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| on what three structures does ADH act? | DCT, salivary glands, blood vessels
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| what is another name for ADH? | vasopressin
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| what happens to blood pressure in dehydration? ...edema? | decreases, increases
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| what three factors will stimulate ADH? | dehydration, low fluid intake, decreased blood pressure
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| what four factors will inhibit ADH? | caffeine, diuretics, high water intake, edema
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| what will the hyposecretion of ADH cause? | increased urination
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| what will the hypersecretion of ADH cause? | decreased urination
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