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568-594 Key Terms
Cailin Treseder 1st period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| embraced principles of the Enlightenment, especially emphasis on rationality, applied them to their kingdoms. Allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education | Enlightened monarchs/despots |
| first female head of Habsburg dynasty. Archduchess of Austria Queen of Hungary/Bohemia ruler of territories 1740 to death. Holy Roman Empress when husband elected "enlightened despot"/most powerful ruler of her time, ruling much of central Europe. | Maria Theresa and Joseph II |
| a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch | Frederick the Great |
| provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system | Copernicus |
| improvements on telescope, astronomical observations, first and second laws of motion, supported Copernicanism. Referred to as "father of modern astronomy/physics/science", | Galileo |
| Deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from system, first to show motion of bodies on Earth/celestial bodies governed bynatural laws. Unifying/deterministic power of aws integral to scientific revolution/advancement of heliocentrism. | Sir Isaac Newton |
| Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs | Voltaire |
| political ideas influenced French Revolution, development of socialist theory, growth of nationalism. Legacy as radical/revolutionary is best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry | class diversification in Europe |
| need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement | population growth and the Agricultural Revolution |
| Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism | Adam Smith |
| 16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks. | proto-industrialization |
| A piece of magnetite or other naturally magnetized mineral, able to be used as a magnet. | lodestone |
| Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa,exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast | Iberian wave of exploration |
| sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia | Prince Henry the Navigator |
| "discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance | Christopher Columbus |
| 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe | Ferdinand Magellan |
| need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning | colonization |
| France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies w/direct ties to Western Europe, less role of Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America | northern wave of exploration |
| explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada. | Jacques Cartier |
| Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi | North American fur trade |
| British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage | Henry Hudson |
| 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City | New Amsterdam |
| 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | Osman I |
| certain Muslim rulers claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (lack of dependence on higher ruler), w/out claiming overall caliphate. Developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate | sultan |
| ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan | viziers |
| officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world | Istanbul |
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SunnyCailin
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