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BIO201-FINALREVIEW-1
BIO201 - Final Review 1 - Q & A's from Online Lessons & Labs - Muscle Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, _____ is always present. | acetylcholinesterase |
| Only ____ muscle cells branch. | cardiac |
| The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of _____. | contraction |
| The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the ____. | insertion |
| Claudication might more simply be called_____. | limping |
| ____ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. | red |
| Only _____ muscle cells are multinucleated. | skeletal |
| A smooth, sustained contraction is called _____. | tetanus |
| T/F Whereas skeletal muscle cells are electrically coupled, smooth muscle cells appear to be chemically coupled by gap junctions. | This is false. The gap junctions between smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled; and the skeletal muscles cells are chemically coupled. |
| T/F - The more slowly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force becomes. | This is false. The more rapidly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force. |
| T/F - A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. | True |
| T/F Eccentric contractions are much more forceful than concentric contractions. | True |
| T/F - The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its permeability properties temporarily. | True |
| T/F - Once a nerve has fired, all the muscle fibers fire. | This is false. When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers contract. |
| T/F - One of the important functions of skeletal muscle is production of heat. | True |
| T/F - The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that seems to have no function. | This is false. G actin has a very important function, bearing the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction. |
| T/F - Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate. | his is false. Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to restore oxygen used by all of the processes involved in contraction. |
| T/F - During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. | This is false. In isometric contraction, the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens. |
| T/F - Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. | True |
| T/F - Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. | True |
| T/F - Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. | True |
| T/F - A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell. | True |
| T/F - During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction. | This is false. Once the load is overcome, the contraction is constant. |
| T/F - The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. | True |
| T/F - Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. | This is false. Some muscle contraction is used for maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat. |
| T/F - A nerve cell and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. | This is false. This structure is called a motor unit. |
| T/F - When a muscle fiber contracts, the I band diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. | True |
| Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers |
| A high percentage are found in marathon runners. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers |
| Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers |
| Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers |
| Contain abundant amounts of glycogen | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers |
| Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers |
| The myosin filaments are located in the: | A band |
| Both actin and myosin are found in the: | A band |
| he _____ contains only the actin filaments. | I band |
| he thicker filaments are the ____ filaments | Myosin |
| A sarcomere is the distance between two: | Z discs |
| __ should affect the strength or force of skeletal muscle contraction. | The degree of muscle stretch. |
| During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? | Actin filaments |
| Calcium ions bind to the __ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | Troponin |
| In an isotonic contraction, the muscle: | Changes in length and moves the "load". |
| After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, calcium: | Level in the cytoplasm drops |
| The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to: | Bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration. |
| The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except: | The site of calcium regulation differs. |
| The first thing that stops a contraction after the nerve stops sending ACh is: | Acetylcholinesterase destroys the ACh, and they are removed from the membrane receptors. |
| An anaerobic metabilic pathway that results int he rpoduction of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is: | Glycolysis |
| The functional role of the T tubules is to: | Enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction. |
| The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to: | Regulate intracellular calcium concentration. |
| __ do not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? | A change in temperature. |
| The sliding filament model of contraction involves: | Actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening. |
| Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction? | Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers. |
| When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which period? | Refractory period |
| Mucle tension remains __ during isotonic contraction. | Constant |
| Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cells, there is a short period called the __ period - events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. | Latent |
| CT ensheathed in a bundle of muscle cells. | Perimysium |
| Buncle of muscle cells | Fascicle |
| Contractile unit of muscle | Sarcomere |
| A muscle cell | Fiber |
| Thin reticular CT investing each muscle cell | Endomysium |
| Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. | Sarcolemma |
| A long filamentous organelle w/a banded appearance found within muscle cells. | Myofibril |
| Actin- or myosin-containing structure. | Myofilament |
| Cord of collagen fibers that attached a muscle to a bone. | Tendon |
| Another name for a neuromusclular junction is? | Myoneural |
| A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a __. | Motor unit |
| Within the axonal terminal are many small vesicles containing a neurotransmitter substance called __. | ACh - acetylcholine |
| When the __ reaches teh ends of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses to the muscle cell membrane to combine w/receptors there. | Nerve Impulse |
| Neurotransmitter + muscle membrane receptors causes membrane to become permeable to sodium, which results in influx of sodium ions & __ of the membrane. | Depolarization |
| Before a muscle cell can be stimulated to contract again, __ must occur. | Repolarization |
| Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? | Smooth |
| Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of __. | Intense exercise of short duration. |
| __ should affect the strength or force of skeletal muscle contraction. | The degree of muscle stretch. |
| Myoglobin | Holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells. |
| The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the __ assisting in muscle stretching. | A band |
| Theoretically, if a muscle cell were stretched to the point where thick & thin filaments no longer overlapped __. | No muscle tension could be generated. |
| If an individual ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to ACh receptors in sarcolemma, __. | No contraction at all could occur by nervous mechanisms, but contraction could occur if stimulated by an external electrode. |
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Ladystorm
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