BIO201 - Final Review 1 - Q & A's from Online Lessons & Labs - Muscle Tissue
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| In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, _____ is always present. | acetylcholinesterase
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| Only ____ muscle cells branch. | cardiac
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| The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of _____. | contraction
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| The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the ____. | insertion
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| Claudication might more simply be called_____. | limping
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| ____ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. | red
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| Only _____ muscle cells are multinucleated. | skeletal
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| A smooth, sustained contraction is called _____. | tetanus
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| T/F Whereas skeletal muscle cells are electrically coupled, smooth muscle cells appear to be chemically coupled by gap junctions. | This is false. The gap junctions between smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled; and the skeletal muscles cells are chemically coupled.
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| T/F - The more slowly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force becomes. | This is false. The more rapidly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force.
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| T/F - A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. | True
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| T/F Eccentric contractions are much more forceful than concentric contractions. | True
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| T/F - The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its permeability properties temporarily. | True
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| T/F - Once a nerve has fired, all the muscle fibers fire. | This is false. When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers contract.
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| T/F - One of the important functions of skeletal muscle is production of heat. | True
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| T/F - The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that seems to have no function. | This is false. G actin has a very important function, bearing the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.
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| T/F - Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate. | his is false. Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to restore oxygen used by all of the processes involved in contraction.
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| T/F - During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. | This is false. In isometric contraction, the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens.
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| T/F - Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. | True
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| T/F - Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. | True
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| T/F - Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. | True
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| T/F - A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell. | True
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| T/F - During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction. | This is false. Once the load is overcome, the contraction is constant.
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| T/F - The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. | True
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| T/F - Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. | This is false. Some muscle contraction is used for maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat.
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| T/F - A nerve cell and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. | This is false. This structure is called a motor unit.
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| T/F - When a muscle fiber contracts, the I band diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. | True
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| Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
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| A high percentage are found in marathon runners. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
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| Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
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| Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types. | Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
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| Contain abundant amounts of glycogen | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers
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| Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers
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| The myosin filaments are located in the: | A band
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| Both actin and myosin are found in the: | A band
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| he _____ contains only the actin filaments. | I band
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| he thicker filaments are the ____ filaments | Myosin
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| A sarcomere is the distance between two: | Z discs
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| __ should affect the strength or force of skeletal muscle contraction. | The degree of muscle stretch.
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| During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? | Actin filaments
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| Calcium ions bind to the __ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | Troponin
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| In an isotonic contraction, the muscle: | Changes in length and moves the "load".
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| After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, calcium: | Level in the cytoplasm drops
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| The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to: | Bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration.
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| The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except: | The site of calcium regulation differs.
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| The first thing that stops a contraction after the nerve stops sending ACh is: | Acetylcholinesterase destroys the ACh, and they are removed from the membrane receptors.
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| An anaerobic metabilic pathway that results int he rpoduction of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is: | Glycolysis
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| The functional role of the T tubules is to: | Enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction.
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| The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to: | Regulate intracellular calcium concentration.
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| __ do not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? | A change in temperature.
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| The sliding filament model of contraction involves: | Actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.
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| Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction? | Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
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| When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which period? | Refractory period
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| Mucle tension remains __ during isotonic contraction. | Constant
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| Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cells, there is a short period called the __ period - events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. | Latent
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| CT ensheathed in a bundle of muscle cells. | Perimysium
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| Buncle of muscle cells | Fascicle
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| Contractile unit of muscle | Sarcomere
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| A muscle cell | Fiber
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| Thin reticular CT investing each muscle cell | Endomysium
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| Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. | Sarcolemma
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| A long filamentous organelle w/a banded appearance found within muscle cells. | Myofibril
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| Actin- or myosin-containing structure. | Myofilament
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| Cord of collagen fibers that attached a muscle to a bone. | Tendon
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| Another name for a neuromusclular junction is? | Myoneural
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| A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a __. | Motor unit
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| Within the axonal terminal are many small vesicles containing a neurotransmitter substance called __. | ACh - acetylcholine
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| When the __ reaches teh ends of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses to the muscle cell membrane to combine w/receptors there. | Nerve Impulse
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| Neurotransmitter + muscle membrane receptors causes membrane to become permeable to sodium, which results in influx of sodium ions & __ of the membrane. | Depolarization
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| Before a muscle cell can be stimulated to contract again, __ must occur. | Repolarization
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| Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? | Smooth
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| Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of __. | Intense exercise of short duration.
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| __ should affect the strength or force of skeletal muscle contraction. | The degree of muscle stretch.
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| Myoglobin | Holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells.
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| The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the __ assisting in muscle stretching. | A band
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| Theoretically, if a muscle cell were stretched to the point where thick & thin filaments no longer overlapped __. | No muscle tension could be generated.
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| If an individual ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to ACh receptors in sarcolemma, __. | No contraction at all could occur by nervous mechanisms, but contraction could occur if stimulated by an external electrode.
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