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Path 3 TT1 Review
CanColl May 2012 Path 3 TT 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Defn: Obstruction of the esophagus owing to a tumor growth in adjacent tissues. | Organic Obstruction |
| Defn: Can be caused by GERD. | Esophagitis |
| Defn: May be related to a weakened LES. | GERD |
| A portion of the stomach protrudes thru the diaphragmatic opening into the chest cavity. | Hiatal Hernia |
| True or False: Peptic ulcers can affect either the stomach or the duodenum. | True |
| True or False: There is no link at all with peptic ulcers and H. pylori. | False - H. pylori can be a cause of peptic ulcers |
| True or False: A person with peptic ulcers in the duodenum - will attain relief from eating. | True |
| True or False: Duodenal ulcers are much less common than gastric ulcers. | False (stomach 20%, duodenum 80%) |
| GERD can result from which: A weakening of the LES tone. B pressure in the stomach that is less than that of LES. C inflammation of mucosa C all of the above | A - weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter tone. |
| Defn: Gastric juices back up into the esophagus. | GERD |
| Defn: both stomach and gastroesophageal junction protrude above the diaphragm. | Sliding hernia |
| Defn: inflammation of the stomach mucosa. | Gastritis |
| Defn: Hearburn due to damage of the mucosal wall, most commonly in the duodenum. | Peptic Ulcers |
| True or False: An accumulation of food that produces an obstruction of the esophagus is referred to as an organic obstruction. | False |
| Deficiency of Vitamin B12 will result in: A. achalasia B. iron deficiency anemia C. pernicious anemia D. intrinsic factor anemia | C - pernicious anemia |
| Crohns or Ulcerative Colitis: Bob has two fistulas connecting portions of his jejunum & ileum and strictures in several areas of the small bowel. | Crohns |
| Crohns or Ulcerative Colitis: Jo rec'd diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease where surface of ileum resembles cobblestones and exhibits "skip lesions". | Crohn's |
| Crohns or Ulcerative Colitis: Jim averages 30 - 40 BM's per day; his stool is bloody. | Ulcerative Colitis |
| Crohns or Ulcerative Colitis: Mo has a triad of diarrhea, abdominal cramping & weight loss. | Crohn's Disease (DAW) |
| Crohns or Ulcerative Colitis: Bo's diagnosis thru barium swallow, demonstrated pseudopolyps, which may indicate an increased risk for toxic megacolon. | Ulcerative Colitis |
| Which of the following is not a causative factor for IBS: A psychological stress B lactose intolerance C organic disturbances of the bowel D irritating foods | C - Organic disturbances of the bowel |
| True or False: Colonic polyps may be a cause for concern because they may become malignant. | True |
| Diverticular Disease: Most common site affected? | Sigmoid Colon |
| Diverticular Disease: congenital anomaly of the GI tract? | Meckel's diverticulum |
| Diverticular Disease: Inflamed diverticulum? | Diverticulitis |
| Diverticular Disease: multiple bulging pouches found usually within the sigmoid colon of the GI tract? | Diverticulosis |
| Which is the classic presentation of ulcerative colitis? A abdominal pain B fever C bloody/mucoid diarrhea D all of the above | D All of the above. (FAB) |
| IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder that arises in the (presence or absence) of any organic pathology? | Absence |
| IBS is characterized by abdominal pain that is (made worse or relieved) by defecation? | Relieved |
| IBS is characterized by RECURRENT abdominal pain with ( normal or altered) bowel functions? | Altered |
| IBS is consistent with varying complaints of flatulence, nausea and ....? | Bloatedness |
| Patients with IBS are encouraged to avoid eating what type of food? | Irritating Foods |
| True or False: The cobblestone appearance in Crohn's disease results from fissures found between the folds of edematous mucosa. | True |
| A colonic polyp that resembles a pouch attached by a stalk is: A sessile B pedunculated C fissured D all of the above | B - pedunculated |
| Jaundice refers to an abnormally high serum level of .....? | Bilirubin |
| Neonatal jaundice occurs because portions of the (liver or pancreas) responsible for ...... have not matured and so excreting (bilirubin or glucose) is not possible. | Liver, conjugating, bilirubin |
| Types of jaundice: Gallstones or tumors block bile ducts. | Posthepatic (Obstructive) |
| Types of jaundice: Inflammation of the liver reduces the liver's ability to metabolize and excrete bilirubin. | Hepatic |
| Types of jaundice: Excessive destruction of red blood cells, as in sickle cell anemia: | Prehepatic (hemolytic) |
| Which of the following is the most typical presentation of acute appendicitis? A left lower quadrant B right upper quadrant C right lower quadrant D left upper quadrant | C right lower quadrant |
| True or False: Cirrhosis is a state of liver disease that is reversible if the damaging agent/event is removed? | False |
| Which type of hepatitis: Can be transmitted at birth? | Hep B |
| Which type of hepatitis: Is relative rare in North America: | Hep E |
| Which type of hepatitis: Only occurs when it accompanies Hepatitis B? | Hep D |
| Which type of hepatitis: Mild signs, but is the most common cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer? | Hep C |
| Which type of hepatitis: Transmitted by improper hand washing techs (but is not Hep E)? | Hep A |
| True or False: E.Coli proliferation within an ischemic appendix may lead to appendicitis? | True |
| What type of inguinal hernia will descend into the scrotum in males? | Indirect |
| Hepatitis refers to an ..... of the liver? | Inflammation |
| A "carrier state" occurs when the infected person is ........? | Asymptomatic |
| Hepatitis may develop when infected with (E. coli or hepatotorpic viruses)? | Hepatotropic viruses |
| A "carrier state" occurs in which types of hepatitis? | Hepatitis B, C, and D only |
| Which types of hepatitis are likely to be transmitted by improper hand washing? | Hepatitis A and E |
| Which types of hepatitis can be transmitted via accidental needle sticks - and thus are a concern for health care workers? | Hepatitis B, C, and D |
| Which of the following is a possible cause of hepatitis? A Bacteria B Drugs C Viruses D Toxins | All of the above |
| Which is a liver function? A detoxification B production of bile C storage of vitamins D Storage of glucose | A, B, and C - Glycogen is stored in the liver - not glucose. |
| Types of hernias: may have a pulse located at the site? | Femoral hernia |
| Types of hernias: commonly seen in newborns | Umbilical hernia |
| Types of hernias: failure of embryonic closure of the inguinal ring? | Indirect inguinal hernia |
| Types of hernias: due to weakness of healing tissues following surgery? | Incisional hernia |
| Types of hernias: Weakness in the fascial floor of the inguinal canal? | Direct inguinal hernia |
| Diabetes insipidus results from a deficiency in which hormone A glucagon B antidiuretic hormone C corticosteroid D insulin | Antidiuretic hormone |
| True or False: Acute pancreatitis occurs due to auto digestion from activated pancreatic enzymes? | True |
| Gallbladder disorders: an inflammation of the gallbladder that arises due to chemical irritation from concentrated bile: | Cholecystitis |
| Gallbladder disorders: Is also known as gallstones: | Cholelithiasis |
| Gallbladder disorders: Are stones found in the common bile duct: | Choledocholithiasis |
| Gallbladder disorders: May arise when the bile composition is abnormal ( i.e. very concentrated) and bile flow is sluggish: | Gallstones (cholelithiasis) |
| (IDDM or NIDDM) evolves due to destruction of beta cells by some autoimmune reaction? | IDDM - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
| An absolute lack of insulin in a person leads to IDDM or NIDDM? | IDDM |
| A dangerous sequela to IDDM is diabetic ....? | coma |
| NIDDM is a condition of (hyperglycemia or hypoclycemia) that occurs despite the availability of insulin? | Fasting Hyperglycemia |
| Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues is a feature of (IDDM or NIDDM)? | NIDDM |
| NIDDM is common in people that are (overweight or underweight)? | Overweight |
| True or False: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is the most common form? | False |
| Which of the following sequela of liver disease produced by alcohol consumption is NOT reversible? A fatty liver B hepatitis C cirrhosis D hepatomegaly | C Cirrhosis is not reversible |
| Liver pathologies: Characterized by inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and is reversible with alcohol discontinuation? | Alcoholic hepatitis |
| Liver Pathologies: Liver will have irregular nodules on its surface and is the onset of end-stage liver dysfunction. | Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| Liver Pathologies: Usually asymptomatic, but possibility of a large, tender liver? | Fatty Liver |
| Liver Pathologies: A condition that results from increased portal vein pressure? | Portal Hypertension |
| Chronic pancreatitis is most often secondary to which of the following: A cholelithiasis B Gall stones C alcoholism D hepatitis | Alcoholism |
| The esophagus connects the .... to the stomach? | Pharynx |
| Wavelike muscular contractions that push food thru the digestive system? | Peristalsis |
| The terminal end of the esophagus is narrowed due to a thick ring of muscle fibres called ... | Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
| What is the most distensible part of the GI tract? | The stomach |
| Chyme is pushed by contractions from the stomach into the small intestines by moving thru the .... | Pyloric sphincter |
| The most proximal portion of the small intestine is called.... | Duodenum |
| Intrinsic Factor is excreted by which part/organ in the GI tract? | The stomach |
| Intrinsic factor is need for the absorption of which vitamin? | B12 |
| Vitamin B12 is required for what process (takes place in the bone marrow)? | maturation of red blood cells (RBC's) |
| Lack of vitamin B12 may lead to what condition? | pernicious anemia |
| Name the three regions of the small intestine in order from proximal to distal: | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The small intestine is approx: A 6 feet long B 15 feet long C 24 feet long or D 32 feet long | C 24 feet long |
| What separates the small intestine from the large intestine? | The ileocecal valve or sphincter |
| Where does most of the absorption and digestion take place within the GI tract? | The small intestine |
| The large intesting consists of four major parts? | ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons |
| The rectum and anus form part of the ... | large intestine |
| Inflammation of the esophagus is called... | esophagitis |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease is known as... | GERD |
| The four main causes of esophagitis are ... | GERD, infections, adverse reactions to medications and excess consumption of alcohol |
| GERD is caused by ... | an amount of gastric juice refluxes (backs up) into the esophagus |
| Chronic reflux can lead to severe inflammation and potential complications include: | reflux esophagitis, anemia (due to repeated hemorrhages), development of a stricture (esophagus narrowing), cancer |
| There are two main types of esophageal obstruction ... | organic and functional |
| What are the three main causes of organic obstruction? | tumor, stricture and inflammation |
| What causes a functional obstruction? | failure of the LES to relax and allow the food to pass thru and into the stomach |
| When the LES fails to relax and when the food cannot pass into the stomach - this is called...? | Achalasia |
| What differentiates a sliding hernia from a paraesophageal (non-axial) hernia? | With a sliding (axial) hernia (95%) both the stomach and the gastroesophageal junction protrude above the diaphragm - in a non-axial case - only part of the stomach protrudes. |
| Which of the two types - will tend to cause heartburn, gastric reflux and chest pain? | The sliding (axial) hernia - whereas with a non-axial (paraesophageal) - the LES is unchanged/unaffected. |
| What is the main risk with a paraesophageal hernia? | Strangulation and necrosis |
| What is the most common disorder of the stomach? | Acute gastritis |
| What causes acute gastritis? | Heavy use of caffeine, alcohol, aspirin or ingestion of hot peppers |
| What is a possible sequela related to chronic gastritis? | This is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa which eventually leads to atrophy and the possibility of dysplastic - there is a danger of developing a carcinoma. |
| Gastric atrophy occurs when there is a progressive destruction of acid producing cells - which leads to what sequela? | A lack of intrinsic factor, reduced levels of vitamin B12 and the result can be pernicious anemia. |
| Where are the two most common sites afflicted with peptic ulcers? | duodenum 80% and stomach 20% |
| Name the four most common ulcer forming conditions: | stress (overstimulation of gastic secretions) damaged mucosa (aspirin, cigs, alcohol) pyloris valve breaks down and allows backflow, H pylori infection is possible. |
| With gastric ulcers - what tends to happen to the pain when one eats and fills the stomach? | The pain increases |
| With a duodenum ulcer - what tend to happen to the pain when one eats and fills the stomach? | The pain decrease ( and then returns a couple of hours later when the food has passed thru) |
Created by:
Hanz Onn
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