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APII Vessels
Vessels
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 classes of blood vessels: ___, ___ and ___ | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| ___ carry blood away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in ___. | Arteries, capillaries |
| ___ return blood to the heart and become progressively ___ as they merge and are closer towards it. | Veins, larger |
| How many pathways do end arteries convey? | one |
| Functional end arteries’ anastomosis is so tiny that they can be considered ___ ___. | end arteries |
| ___ vessels supply the same body region and lie next to each other. | Companion |
| Both artery and vein walls have 3 layers called ___. | tunics |
| The outer tunic is ___ ___. | tunic externa |
| The tunica externa is connective tissue with ___ and ___ fibers. It helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ; larger blood vessels require their own ___ ___; smaller arteries that supply larger arteries are ___ ___, which run through the tunica externa. | elastic, collagen, blood supply, vasa vasorum |
| The middle tunic is the ___ ___. | tunica media |
| The inner tunic is the ___ ___. | tunica intima |
| The tunic media is comprised of circularly arranged ___ muscle; sympathetic input causes this smooth muscle to ___ resulting in___; parasympathetic input results in ___. | smooth, contract, vasoconstriction, vasodilation |
| The tunica intima (interna) is composed of ___ ___ ___, an endothelium, lining the inside of the arteries and veins, and a subendothelial layer of ___ ___ ___. | simple squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue |
| In an artery, the thickest layer is the ___ ___. The ___ and ___ fibers prevent them from collapsing. | tunica media, elastic, collagen |
| In a vein, the thickest layer is the ___ ___. They tend to ___ if there is no blood in them. | tunica externa, collapse |
| The only tunic that capillaries have is the ___ ___. It consists of basement membrane and endothelium only to allow rapid ___ ___. | tunica intima, gas exchange |
| The dural venous sinus system consists of the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, the ___ sinus, the left and right ___ sinuses, and the left and right ___ sinuses. | straight, transverse, sigmoid |
| Most of the venous blood of the cranium drains though the ___ ___ ___. | dural venous sinuses |
| The dural venous sinuses are formed between two layers of ___ ___. | dura mater |
| There are no ___ in the dural venous system; blood flow is NOT unidirectional. | valves |
| ___ circulation consists of arteries and veins that travel to and from all parts of the body except the lungs. | Systemic |
| Arteries transport blood away from the heart. The 3 types are: ___ arteries, ___ arteries and ___ | elastin, muscular, arterioles |
| Arterioles command how much blood gets to tissue. They ___ and ___ and ___. | vasoconstrict, vasodilate, afterload |
| The internal carotid arteries enter the cranium through the ___ ___. | carotid canal |
| The internal carotid arteries divide into ___ and ___ ___ arteries which supply the brain, and the ___ arteries that supply the eyes. | anterior, middle cerebral, opthamalic |
| Elastic arteries are also called ___ arteries. | conducting |
| Elastic arteries are the ___ of the arteries. | largest |
| Most examples of elastic arteries are near the ___. | heart |
| The ___ ___ in all three tunics allow elastic arteries to stretch under increased pressure generated by the heart’s bloodflow. | elastic fibers |
| Elastic arteries branch into ___ arteries. | muscular |
| ___ are the smallest arteries. | Arterioles |
| Arterioles have <6 cell layers of smooth muscle in their ___ ___. | tunica media |
| Larger arterioles have ___ tunics, smaller ones have ___ and one layer of muscle. | three, endothelium |
| Sympathetic innervation to the muscle fiber cells of the tunica media causes ___ resulting in elevation of blood pressure. | vasoconstriction |
| Parasympathetic innervation causes ___ and a lowering of blood pressure. | vasodilation |
| Left and right common carotid arteries supply most of the blood to the ___ and ___. | head, neck |
| At the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, the ___ ___ arteries divide into internal and external carotid arteries. | common carotid |
| The ___ ___ ___ returns blood to the right atrium from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum, and abdominal structures. | inferior vena cava |
| The ___ ___ ___ is formed from a fusion of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and drains into the right atrium. | superior vena cava |
| Veins are larger than ___. | venules |
| Smaller and medium-sized veins travel with ___ ___. | muscular arteries |
| Large veins travel with ___ ___. | elastic arteries |
| Blood pressure in veins is too low to overcome the forces of gravity; they possess ___ | valves |
| Valves are formed from the tunica ___ and prevent blood from pooling in the limbs. | intima |
| As skeletal muscles contract, they also pump blood toward the heart. This process is called the ___ ___ ___. | skeletal muscle pump |
| Veins are blood vessels that drain ____ and return blood to the heart. | capillaries |
| Pressure in veins is much higher or lower than in arteries? | lower |
| At rest, the body’s veins hold about ____% of the body’s blood. Thus, veins function as blood ____. | 60, reservoirs |
| ____ are the smallest veins. | Venules |
| Venules are companion vessels with ____. | arterioles |
| The smallest venules are located at the distal end of a capillary bed and are called ____ ____. | postcapillary venules |
| Diapedesis (the migration of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the body) occurs through the walls of the ____ ____. | postcapillary venules |
| Venules merge to form ____. | veins |
| The facial, superficial temporal and maxillary veins ____. | merge |
| Venous blood return is through the internal jugular vein or the ____ ____ vein. | external jugular |
| The internal jugular and the external jugular veins drain into the ____ vein and then into the ____ vein. | subclavian, brachiocephalic |
| Branches from the metarteriole that begin with a ring of smooth muscle on their walls are called ___ ___. | true capillaries |
| The ____ ____ control blood flow into true capillaries. They open when the tissue needs nutrients and closes when needs have been met. They undergo ____. | precapillary sphincters, vasomotion |
| Vertebral arteries branch from the ____ ____ and travel through the transverse foramina of the ____ vertebrae. | subclavian arteries, cervical |
| The vertebral arteries enter the cranium through the foramen magnum where they merge to form the ____ artery. | basilar |
| The basilar artery and the internal carotid arteries give off several branches that create an anastomosis of arteries just superior to the sella turcica called the ____ ____ ____ also known as the ____ ____ ____. | cerebral arterial circle, circle of Willis |
| Systolic pressure is the pressure in the vessel during ____ ____. It is greater than diastolic pressure due to greater pressure during ____. | ventricular systole, contraction |
| Diastolic pressure is pressure during ____ ____. Pressure is highest in the arteries nearest to the ____. | ventricular diastole, heart |
| The aortic arch gives off three branches: the ____ ____, (which bifurcates into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries) the left ____ ____ artery, and the left ____ artery. | brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid, subclavian |
| The superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the ____ gland, ____ and ____ muscles. | thyroid, larynx, neck |
| The ascending pharyngeal artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the ____. | pharynx |
| The lingual artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the ____. | tongue |
| The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the ____. | face |
| The ____ artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the posterior portion of the scalp. | occipital |
| The ____ ____ artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the ear and scalp around it. | posterior auricular |
| The external carotid artery divides into the maxillary artery and ____ ____ artery. | superficial temporal |
| The ____ ____ aorta follows the aortic arch and gives off several branches to the thoracic wall. | descending thoracic |
| The descending thoracic aorta is renamed ____ ____ aorta when it passes inferior and posterior to the diaphragm. | descending abdominal |
| At the fourth lumbar vertebra, the descending abdominal aorta bifurcates into left and right ____ ____ arteries. | common iliac |
| Common iliac veins further divide into internal and external ____ ____. | iliac veins |
| Which arteries, large or small, tend to exhibit high pressure and that gradually decreases? | large |
| Blood pressure is the force per unit area that blood gives the wall measured in ____. | mmHg |
| ____ ____ artery arises from subclavian artery and supplies the mammary gland and anterior thoracic wall | internal thoracic |
| Internal thoracic artery becomes ____ ____ arteries and continues on to become ____ ____ artery which supplies blood to superior abdominal wall | anterior intercostal, superior epigastric |
| ____ ____ artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the inferior abdominal wall and forms anastamosis with the superior epigastric artery | inferior epigastric |
| ____ and ____ ____ on the left side of the vertebrae drain left side veins | hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos |
| ____ vein drains blood from the right side veins and receives blood from the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins. | azygos |
| blood from the azygos vein drains into the ____ ____ ____ | superior vena cava |
| the lungs are supplied by several ____ arteries that branch from the ____ ____ _____. | bronchial, descending thoracic aorta. |
| the esophagus is supplied by ____ arteries that branch from ____ ____ ____. | esophageal, descending thoracic aorta |
| what are the three sources and where do they branch from that supply the diaphragm? | superior phrenic artery - descending thoracic aorta musculophrenic artery - internal thoracic arteries inferior phrenic artery- descending abdominal aorta |
| what nerve tells you to breathe? | phrenic nerve |
| what are the three main branches of the aortic arch and which major body part is supplied by each branch? | brachiocephalic trunk which bifurcates into right common carotid and supplies the r side of the head and neck right subclavian artery- r upper limb and some thoracic structure left common carotid artery-the left upper limb and some thoracic structure |
| which arteries supply the brain? the ____ ____ and ____ arteries | common carotid, vertebral |
| how many unpaired arteries emerge from the anterior wall of the descending abdominal aorta | three |
| what three arteries supply the organs of the gi tract? | celiac trunk - stomach pancreas liver and spleen superior mesenteric artery - small intestine inferior mesenteric artery - large intestine, colon, rectum and anus |
| what are the three branches of celiac trunk? | left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery |
| left ____ artery supplies lesser curvature of stomach and lower esophogus | gastric |
| ____ artery supplies the spleen and part of stomach | splenic |
| ____ _____ artery supplies the liver, gall bladder and portion of the stomach | common hepatic |
| what are the five branches of the superior mesenteric artery and what do they supply? | 1. inferior pancreaticduodenal artery - pancreas and duodenum 2. intestinal artery(18-20) jejunum and ileum 3. ileocolic artery ileum cecum appendix 4. right colic artery ascending colon 5. middle colic artery transverse colon |
| what are the three branches of the inferior mesenteric artery and what do they supply? | 1. left colic artery- distal transverse colon and proximal descending colon 2. sigmoid artery- distal descending and sigmoid colon 3. superior rectal artery - rectum and upper half of anal canal |
| veins that drain blood from the gi organs and shunt blood to the liver: ____ ____ system | hepatic portal |
| delivers nutrient rich blood to liver and is formed by fusion of three veins: ____ ____ vein | hepatic portal |
| what are the three veins that merge to form the hepatic portal vein and what do they drain? | 1. inferior mesenteric vein - distal part of colon 2. splenic vein - spleen, pancreas and stomach 3. superior mesenteric vein- small intestines, proximal part of colon, pancreas and sotmach |
| ____ veins collect blood from the liver and return it to inferior vena cava | hepatic |
| what are the three paired arteries from the descending abdominal aorta and what do they supply? | 1. middle suprarenal artery- adrenal gland 2. renal artery - kidney 3. gonadal artery (testicular or ovarian artery) - gonads |
| ____ ____ artery is the primary arterial supply to the pelvis and perineum | internal iliac |
| 5 branches of the internal iliac artery and what they supply. | 1. superior/inferior gluteal artery - glutes 2. obturator artery - medial thigh 3. internal pudenal artery - anal canal and perineum 4. middle rectal artery - lower rectum 5. uterine/vaginal artery - uterus and vagina |
| what three branches arise from the celiac trunk? _____ artery, ____ artery and ____ ____ artery | gastric, splenic, common hepatic |
| The hepatic portal system is network of veins that drain blood from gi system and shunts it the liver. Its main function is to drain ____ from liver. | nutrients |
| what are the veins that drain into the hepatic portal system? inferior ____ vein, ____ vein and ____ ____ vein | mesenteric, splenic, superior mesenteric |
| left and right ____ arteries supply blood to the upper limbs | subclavian |
| as the subclavian artery passes over the lateral border of the first rib it becomes ____ artery | axillary |
| ____ artery supplies the shoulder and thoracic region | axillary |
| as the axillary artery passes over the inferior border of the teres major it becomes ____ artery. | brachial |
| in the cubital fossa the brachial artery bifurcates into ____ and ____ arteries | radial, ulnar |
| radial and ulnar arteries of the forearm anastamose and form superficial and deep ____ ____ in palm of hand | palmer arches |
| ____ arteries emerge from arches and supply fingers | digital |
| If the left ulnar artery were cut blood would be able to reach the left hand and fingers by way of ____ with the ____ artery. | anastamosis, radial |
| on the dorsum of the hand ____ ____ network drains into the ____ and ____ veins | dorsal venous, basilic, cephalic |
| in the cubital fossa the basilic and cephalic veins are connected by ____ ____ vein and it is the most common vein used for venipuncture | median cubital |
| the digital veins and superficial and deep ____ ____ ____ drain into pairs of ____ and ____ veins in forearm | palmer venous arches, radial, ulnar |
| at the cubital fossa the radial and ulnar veins merge to form a pair of ____ veins | brachial |
| brachial veins merge with the basilic vein to form the ____ vein | axillary |
| when the axillary vein crosses superior to the lateral border of the first rib it becomes the ____ vein | subclavian |
| the left and right ____ ____ arteries supply the lower limb | external iliac |
| as the external iliac passes inferior to the inguinal ligament it becomes the ____ artery and gives off a branch called deep ____ artery | femoral, femoral |
| ____ ____ artery supplies the hip joint via medial and lateral circumflex arteries | deep femoral |
| the femoral artery enters the posterior popliteal fossa and becomes the ____ artery which supplies the knee joint and muscles | popliteal |
| popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior ____ arteries that supply the anterior and posterior compartment of the leg | tibial |
| the posterior tibial artery gives off a branch called _____ artery and supplies the lateral compartment of leg | fibular |
| the posterior tibial artery divides into medial and lateral ____ arteries in the foot | plantar |
| the anterior tibial artery changes to ____ ____ artery at the anterior surface of the ankle | dorsalis pedis |
| the dorsalis pedis artery and lateral plantar artery unite to form ____ ____ | plantar arch |
| ____ arteries extend from plantar arch to supply toes | digital |
| on the dorsum of the foot a ____ ____ arch drains into the ____ ____ vein medially and ____ ____ vein laterally | dorsal venous, great saphenous, small saphenous |
| The great saphenous vein drains into _____ vein and the small saphenous vein drains into ____ vein. | femoral, popliteal |
| deep and digital veins of the foot drain into pairs of ____ and ____ plantar veins | medial, lateral |
| medial and lateral plantar veins drain into a pair of ____ ____ veins | posterior tibial |
| on the dorsum of foot and ankle deep veins drain into a pair of ____ ____ veins | anterior tibial |
| the anterior and posterior tibial veins merge to form the ____ vein in the popliteal fossa | popliteal |
| the poplitel vein curves onto the anterior thigh and becomes the ____ vein | femoral |
| once the femoral vein passes superior to the inguinal ligament it becomes ____ ____ vein | external iliac |
| when the external iliac vein merges with the internal iliac vein it becomes the ____ ____ vein | common iliac |
| the left and right common iliac vein merge to form the ____ ____ ____ | inferior vena cava |
| what are the superficial veins that drain the upper limb? ____ and cephalic vein | basilic |
| ____ circulation is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs and returning oxygenated blood to left side of heart | pulmonary |
| Which circulation, pulmonary or systemic, has arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and veins that carry oxygenated blood? | pulmonary |
| deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle into the ____ ____ which bifurcates into right and left _____ arteries that go to the lungs | pulmonary trunk, pulmonary |
| pulmonary arteries branch into arterioles to capillaries and return to left atrium as ____ veins. | pulmonary |
| compare the bronchial arteries and veins with the pulmonary arteries and veins - arteries provide blood supply and veins take ____ ____ for ____ ____ | deoxygenated blood, gas exchange |
| oxygenated blood leaves the ____ ____ of the heart and travels through the aorta | left ventricle |
| how many veins and arteries are in umbilical cord | 1 vein 2 arteries |
| Gas and nutrient exchange occurs in the ____ during fetal circulation. | placenta |
| There are three types of capillaries: ____, ____ and ____ | continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid |
| Continuous capillaries, the most common, are made up of endothelial cells from a continuous and complete lining (no physical holes) aided by the presence of tight junctions. Materials pass through by ____ ____ or ____. | simple diffusion, pinocytosis |
| Continuous capillaries are found in ____, skin, ____, ____ and CNS. | muscle, thymus, lungs |
| Fenestrated capillaries are made up of endothelial cells that possess small “holes” to allow fluid exchange between blood and ____ ____. Their basement membrane is ____. | interstitial fluid, continuous |
| Fenestrated capillaries are found in the ____ ____ of the eye, ____ glands (for hormone transport) and ____ (to filter ALL blood). | ciliary process, endocrine, kidneys |
| ____ capillaries have big gaps between endothelial cells that promote transportation of large molecules and cells to and from the blood. Their basement membrane is discontinuous or absent. | Sinusoid |
| Sinusoid capillaries are found in bone marrow, ____ pituitary, ____ gland, ____ glands, ____ and liver. | anterior, parathyroid, adrenal, spleen |
| Capillaries form capillary beds. These beds ____ surface area to ____ blood flow allowing more time for exchange. | increase, slow |
| Each capillary bed is fed by a ____ whose proximal end is surrounded by smooth muscles. The distal end, called the ____ ____, lacks smooth muscles. | metarteriole, thoroughfare channel |
| thoroughfare channel connects to a ____ ____ | postcapillary venule |
| smallest of all blood vessels | capillaries |
| The diameter of capillaries is only slightly larger than a/an ____. | erythrocyte |
| The capillary wall consists solely of the tunica ____ (a single layer of endothelial cells for gas exchange). | intima |
| ____ are the only type of blood vessel where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and cells outside of the bloodstream. | Capillaries |
| Oxygenated blood is pumped out of left ventricle into ascending aorta; the ascending aorta gives off two branches: the left and right ____ artery | coronary |
| Muscular arteries have a proportionately thicker tunica ____. They possess less distensibility and the better ability to ____ or ____. | media, vasoconstrict, vasodilate |
| ____ arteries are medium diameter arteries and are called distributing arteries. | Muscular |
| ____ arteries possess elastic fibers in two concentric rings between the three tunics: the internal ____ ____, which separates the tunica intima and tunica media AND the ____ ____ ____, which separates the tunica media and the tunica externa. | Muscular, elastic lamina, external elastic lamina |
Created by:
BrandiLynn
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