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Chapter 7
Stack #81110
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| musculoskeletal system | bones muscles and joints |
| The adult skeleton has how many bones | 206 |
| Adult skeleton are grouped into two divisions | Axial appendicular |
| Appendicular | 126 bones |
| Axial | 80 bones |
| Axial skeleton consists of | Bones in the longitudinal axis of the body-vertical line INCLUDES skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones) hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebral column |
| Appendicular skeleton consists of | Upper lower limbs and the girdles |
| KNOW THE NUMBERS AXIAL SKELETON | Skull consists of -Cranium 8 Facial 14 Total bones of the skull 22 |
| Hyoid bone-AXIAL SKELETON | Does not touch any part of the body 1 |
| Auditory ossicles-AXIAL SKELETON | Meatus Incus Staples 6 |
| Vertebral column-AXIAL SKELETON | 26 |
| Thorax consists of AXIAL SKELETON | Sternum (1) and ribs (24) 12 pairs |
| RIbs AXIAL SKELETON | 12 pairs or total of 24 |
| Pectoral Shoulder Girdle-APPENDICULAR | Clavicle 2 Scapula 2 |
| Upper Limbs-Appendicular | 60 Total bones 30 Side |
| These bones are in upper extremities | Humerus(2) Ulna(2) Radius(2) Carpal(8) Metacarpals(10) Phalanges(28) |
| Pelvic Girdle(APPENDICULAR) | Hip, pelvic, coxal bone (2) |
| Lower Limbs-APPENDICULAR | 60 Total Bones 30 side |
| Bones that are in the Lower Limbs | Femur(2) Patella(2) Fibula(2) Tibia(2) Tarsal(14) Metatarsals(10) Phalanges(28) |
| What are the five main types of bones? | Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones, Sutural bones |
| long bones have | greater length than width |
| Long bones consist of mostly of | compact bone tissue in the diaphyses spongy bone in their epiphyses |
| Examples of long bones | thigh-femur, leg-tibia and fibula, arm-humerus, forearm-radius and ulna, and fingers/toes-phalanges |
| Short bones | Cubed shaped and equal in length and width |
| Short bones consist mostly of | spongy bone except at the surface it has a thin layer of compact bone tissue |
| Examples of short bones | Carpal-wrist EXCEPTION PISIFORM SESAMOID BONE Tarsal bones EXCEPT FOR CALCANEUS-Irregular bone |
| Flat bones | thin and composed of parallel plates compact bone tissue enclosing a spongy bone |
| Flat bones | provide proection and muscle attachments |
| Type of flat bones | Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae |
| Irregular bones | Vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone |
| Types of irregular bones | Vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones calacaneus |
| Sesamoid bones | develop in certain tendon where there is friction, tension and physical stress (palms and soles) |
| Sesamoid bones are usually the size of a millimeter-EXCEPTIONS ARE | Patellae-knee cap found in the quadriceps femoris tendon |
| Sesamoid bones protect tendons from excessive wear and tear; and change the direction of a pull | This improves the mechanical advantage at a joint |
| Sutural bones | small bones located in immovable joints between certain cranial bones |
| Per Tortura sutures are | IMMOVEABLE |
| Fissure | Narrow slit |
| Foramen | Opening |
| Fossa | Shallow depression |
| Sulcus | Furrow bicipital groove |
| Meatus | Tubelike opening |
| Condyle | Large round protuberance at the end of a bone |
| Epicondyle | Projection above a condyle |
| Spinous process | Sharp slender projection |
| Spinous process | Sharp slender projection |
| Trochanter | Very large pojection-greater trochanter of the femur |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection |
| Tuberosity | Large round usually roughed projection |
| Skull | 22 bones |
| Cranial bones | 8 |
| What are the eight cranial bones | Frontal(1) Parietal(2) Temporal(2) Occipital (1) Sphenoid bone(1) Ethmoid bone(1) |
| Facial bones | 14 |
| What are the fourteen facial bones | Nasal(2) Maxillae(2) Zygomatic(2) Mandible(1) Lacrimal(2) Palatine(2) Inferior nasal conchae(2) and the Vomer(1) |
| The mandible is the only | Moveable bone of the skull (exception-ossicles) |
| Cranial bones protect the ... | Brain, blood/lymph vessels and nerves by meninges, |
| Outer cranial bones provide | Attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head |
| Facial bones provide | Support for the entrances for digestive and respiratory systems |
| Both cranial and facial bones protect the special sense organs What are they- | Vision taste smell hearing and equilibrium-(balance) |
| Frontal bones forms | forehead-anterior roof orbits and anterior cranial floor |
| Metropic suture | is found on the frontal bone on left and right sides IT ususally disappears at age 6-8 yrs old |
| supraorbital margin | superior to the orbits |
| Parietal bones | forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity |
| Temporal bones- | Forms inferior lateral aspects of the cranium |
| Temporal bone | zyogomatic process-inferior temporal squama |
| What forms the zygomatic arch | zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone |
| Temporal process | Is on the zygomatic bone |
| Mandibular fossa | located on inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone |
| Articular tubercle | Anterior to the mandibular fossa |
| The mandibular fossa and articular foss articulate with the mandible to form the | Tempromandibular joint (TMJ) |
| Mastoid air cell are found in the | Temporal bone |
| Mastoiditis | Inflammation of the mastoid air cells. THIS CAN SPREAD TO THE BRAIN |
| Mastoid process of the temporal bone | rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone posterior to the external auditory meatuses. It is an attachment for several neck muscles |
| Styloid process of the temporal bone | Projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone Serves as a attachment for muscles of the tongue and the neck |
| Petrous portion of the temporal bone | Triangular; Located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones: It houses the internal and middle ear: Responsible for hearing equlibrium |
| Petrous portion of the temporal bone | Contains the carotid foramen-houses the carotid artery |
| Petrous portion of the temporal bone | Also contains the jugular foramen-posterior to caratoid foramen-passage for the jugular foramen |
| Occipital bone | Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium |
| Foramen magnum | Found in the occipital bone; hole in the inferior part of bone The medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord within this foramen |
| occipital condyles | oval process with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum |
| Occipital condyles articulate | cervical first vertebrae -atlas Forms alanto-occipital joint NOD-YES |
| External occipital protuberance | Is prominent midline projection of posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum (bump on the back of the head just above the neck |
| ligamentum nuchae | Large fibrous elastic ligament |
| Ligamentum nuchae | Extends from external protuberance to 7th cervical vertebrae-support head |
| Sphenoid bone-shape bat | Keystone of the cranial floor ARTICULATES with all of the CRANIAL BONES |
| Sphenoid bones contain | Sella turcica-bony saddle shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone |
| Tuberculum sellae | Horn of the saddle-anterior |
| Hypophyseal fossa | Is the seat of saddle located in the sphenoid. THIS IS WHERE THE PITUITARY GLAND IS |
| Optic foramen | Found in the sphenoid bone-allows the optic nerve to |
| Foramen rotundum | Found sphenoid bone-passes through trigeminal nerve |
| Ethmoid bone | IS ALL ABOUT SMELL |
| Ethmoid bone is | Anterior to the sphenoid Posterior to nasal bones |
| Parts of the ethmoid bone | Cribiform plate; Olfactory foramn, Crista galli, Perpendicular plate, Superior and Middle nasal conchae THE INFERIOR NASAL CONCHEA IS NOT PART OF THE ETHMOID BONE |
| Cribiform plate | Of the ethmoid bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity |
| Where do you find olfactory formamina | Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone |
| crista galli | Serves as a attachment for the membranes that cover the brains |
| Perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone | Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum |
| Superior/Middle nasal conchae or turbinate of the ethmoid bone | Are part of the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone; two thin scroll shaped projections lateral to nasal septum |
| Lateral masses of the ethmoid bone | Contain air cells and forms the ethmoidal sinuses |
| The purpose of the conchae | Cleanse air before it passes into the rest of the respiratory system |
| Nasal Bone_--FACIAL BONE PAIRED | Form part of the bridge of the nose |
| Maxillae--FACIAL BONE PARIED | Form the upperjaw |
| Maxillae articulates with | EVERY FACIAL BONE EXCEPT THE MANDIBLE |
| Hard palate is formed by the | Palatineprocess of the maxilla nd the horizontal plates of the palatine bones |
| The hard palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity | TRUE |
| Where is the infraorbital foramen found | Maxilla |
| What passes through the infraorbital foramen | Trigeminal Nerve 5 |
| cleft plate | The palatine processes of the maxilla bones fail to unite usually unites 10-12 week of development |
| cleft lip | involves split upper lip |
| Zygomatic bone | Cheekbone |
| Temporal process | Zygomatic bone |
| Zygomatic process | Temporal bone |
| Temporal process and zygomatic arch articulates to form the | Zygomatich arch |
| Lacrimal bones PAIRED FACIAL BONE | SMALLEST BONE OF THE FACE |
| Lacrimal fossa of Lacrimal bone | Houses the lacrimal sac that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity |
| Platine bone-TWO-FACIAL BONE | L Shaped; Forms the posterior portion of the hard palate |
| INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE-(TWO) FACIAL BONE | Inferior to he middle nasal conchae; Scroll like bones |
| ONLY!!! SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHAE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR | SENSE OF THE SMELL |
| Vomer | Triangular articulates with perpendicular plates of ethomid bone(superiorly) INFERIORLY(maxillae) Palatine-midline |
| Vomer forms the | Inferior portion of the nasal septum |
| Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum | vomer |
| Forms the superior part of the nasal septum | perpendicular plates of the ethmoid bone |
| MANDIBLE_FACIAL BONE | lower jaw |
| What is the strongest facial bone | Mandible |
| Mandible | IS THE ONLY MOVEABLE FACIAL BONE |
| Where is the condylar process | Mandible |
| Mandibular Fossa and articular tubercle of the | Temporal bobe |
| What forms the temporamandibular joint | Condylar process of the mandible and mandibualr fossa and the articualr process of the temporal bone |
| THe mandible has a posterior process what is it name | Condylar process |
| The mandible has an anterior process on the ramus. What is its name | Coronoid process |
| Mental foreamen | Inferior to the second premolar |
| Mandibular foramen | Medial surfaceof the ramus-dentist gives shots here |
| Symptoms of TMJ Syndrome | Dull pain, clicking and poping when opening and closing the mouth, limited rage of motion, headache, toothache, abnormal wearing of teeth. |
| Nasal septum | divides the nasal cavity into left right sides |
| Nasal septum consists of | Bone and cartilage |
| What are the three componets of the nasal septum | 1)Vomer, Septal cartilage, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
| Broken nose refers to damage of the | Septal cartilage NOT THE NASAL BONES |
| Deviated nasal septum | Defelected laterally form the midline of the nose Usually with the vomer/septal cartilage |
| Sutures in the skulls of infants and children are movable; | BUT NOT MOVEABLE IN ADULT PER TORTORA |
| What are the name of the four sutures? | Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoid, Squamous |
| Coronal suture | Unites the frontal and parietal bone |
| Sagittal suture | Unites the two parietal bones |
| fontanels | soft spots |
| Lambdoid suture | Unites the two parietal bone and the occiptal bone |
| Squamous suture | unite the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspect of the skull |
| Paranasal sinuses | are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with lining of the nasal cavity |
| What bones contain paransal sinuses? | FEMS-Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillae, and Sphenoid |
| Another function of the paranasal sinuses - | Resonating chamber for sound as we speak |
| Sinusitis | allergic reaction or inflammation |
| HYOID BONE_SINGLE | U Shaped-DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANY OTHER BONE |
| HYOID BONE IS SUSPENDED FROM | Styloid process of the temporal bone by ligamnets and muscles |
| Vertebral column | Spine backbone |
| Vertebral column | Makes up about two fifiths of your total height |
| Forms the trunk of the body of the skeleton | Vertebral column, sternum, ribs |
| The function of the vertebrea column | Functions as a strong, flexible rod with elements that can move forward, backward, sideways and rotate |
| Vertebral column | encloses the spinal cord and protects it |
| Total # of vertebrae during development | 33 |
| Several vertebrae fuse with growth---AN ADULT VERTEBRAL COLUMN HAS | 26 |
| How many vertebrae in the cervical | 7 |
| How many vertebrae in the thoracic | 12 |
| How many vertebrae are there in the lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| How many vertebrae are in the sacrum | 1-Consists of five fused sacral vertebae |
| How many vertebrae does the coccyx have? | 1-Usually consists of four fused vertebrae |
| The cervical thoraic and lumbar vertebrae are moveable | THE SACRUM AND THE COCCYX ARE NOT |
| Vertebral column show four slight bends called normal curves. What are they | Cervical, lumbar, thoracic and sacral |
| Cervical and lumbar | Convex-bulge out |
| Thoracic and sacral curves | Concave-Cupp in |
| The purpose of the curves are too | Increase strength, maintain balance, absorb shock when walking, protect from fracture |
| Thoracic and sacral curves | Primary |
| cervical and lumbar curves | secondary curves |
| Three abnormal curves are | kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis |
| Intervertebral discs | Are found between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae from the SECOND cervical vertebrae to the sacrum |
| annulus fibrosis | consist of fibrocartilage |
| Annulus fibrosus-outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage | Nucleus pulposus-inner soft pulpy highly elastic substance |
| annulus fibrosus | outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage |
| nucleus pulposus | inner soft, pulpy highly elastic substance |
| The body of the vertebra | thick,disc-shaped anterior portion; is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae |
| The vertebral arch contains | 2 short thick pedicles-project posteriorly from the vertebral body |
| laminae unite with vertebral body to form | Vertebral arch |
| Intervertebral foramen | permits the passage of a single spinal nerve that passes to specific region of the body |
| Process | 7 process arise from the vertebral arch |
| 2) Transverse process | extends laterally |
| 1) Spinous process | project posteriorly from laminae |
| 2) Superior articular processes | The two superior articular processes of a vertebrae articulate with the two INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES OF THE VERTEBRA immediately ABOVE THEM |
| 2 Supeiror articular processes | The two inferior articular processes of the vertebrae articulate with the vertebrae immediately BELOW THEM |
| The articulating processes are called | facets and are covered with HYALINE CARTILAGE |
| Intervertebral joints | are the articulations formed bewteen the bodies and articular faces |
| Cervical vertebrae | Are smaller than all vertebrae-EXCEPT-those that form the coccyx. |
| Cervical certebrae have | THREE foramina; 1 veterbral foramen and 2 transverse foramina |
| BIFID | Split into two parts |
| What spinous process are termed bifid? | C2-C6 |
| The first two cervical vertebrae are differnt forom theothers | Atlas supports the world on his shoulder. |
| Atlas | c1-First cervical vertebrae inferior to the skull |
| Atlas | Lacks a body a spinous process |
| Axis | c2-Second vertebral |
| Axis | Does have a body |
| Atlas | DOES NOT HAVE A BODY |
| Axis also known as the | Dens-peg like process |
| The anterior arch of the axis and dens of the axis forms | atlanto-axial joint |
| atlanto axial joint | permits side to side movement of the head NO |
| atlanto occipital joint | Allows you head to nod YES |
| Vertebra prominens | Single large spinous process is seen and felt at the base of the neck |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1-T-12 |
| Thoracic vertebra | Are larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae |
| Lumbar region | Largest and the strongest of the vertebral column |
| Sacrum | triangular bone form by S1-S5 |
| The sacral vertebrae begin to fuse | At age 16-18 and completed by age 30 |
| Females sacrums are shorter, wider and more curved | than males |
| Sacral promontory | anterioor projecting border of the base-It is used to measure the pelvis |
| sacroiliac joint | auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with ilium of the hip bone |
| lumbosacral joint | The fifth lumbar vertebrae articulates with base of the sacrum |
| coccyx | triangular shaped-formed by the fusionof 4 vertebrae |
| Coccyx vertebrae | Fuse together around age 20-30 |
| In females the coccyx points in inferiorly to allow passage of a baby | The males points anteriorly |
| Thorax | entire chest |
| Thoracic cage includes | Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and the bodies of the vertebrae THE CLAVICLE IS NOT PART OF THORAX |
| sternum | breastbone-consist of 3 parts-manubrium-body-xiphoid process |
| manubrium | superior part of the sternum |
| body of the sternum | middle and the largest part |
| xiphoid process | smallest part |
| The xiphoid process consists of hyaline cartilage does not ossify until age | 40 |
| sternal angle | junction of the manubrium abd the body |
| suprasternal notch | depression on its superior surface |
| The body of the 2nd through 10th ribs articulates with | Second through 10th rib |
| true ribs | vertebrosternal ribs |
| true ribs | 1-7th pair |
| false ribs | vertebrochondral ribs |
| false ribs | 8th 9th and 10th ribs |
| Floating ribs | 11th and 12th pair-do not attach to the sternum aat all |
| The posterior portion of the rib connects by the | Head and articular part of the tubercle |
| The articular part of the tubercle artiiculates with | transverse process of the vertebrae |
| intercostal spaces | spaces between the ribs |
| Herniated slipped disc | nucleus pulposus slips posteriorly toward the spinal cord and nerves |
| Scoliosis | MOST COMMON-Lateral bending of thoracic region |
| Scoliosis | Thoracic region-lateral bending of the vertebral column |
| Kyphosis | hump-exaggeration of the thoracic cavity |
| Kyphosis | common in females with osteoporosis |
| Spina bifida | congential defect of vertebral column L5-S1 it is faliure to unite at the midline |
| Spina bifida | no symptom-recognized by dimple with a tuft of hair |
| Whiplash injury | Injury to the neck that causes hyperextension and hyperflexion |
| hyperflexion of the neck | forward tilt |
| hyperextension of the neck | backward tilt |
| stenosis | narrowing |
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