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Vet Neuropathology
Veterinary Pathology of the CNS 227.301 1st Sem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord are called the ____. | meninges |
| The three layers of the meninges are called the ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____. | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| The ____ in the spinal cord is separated from the bone by a a space called the ____ space. | dura, epidural |
| Within the cranium, the ____ mater is closely apposed to the bone, so there is no ____ space in the brain. | dura, epidural |
| Vessels entering the brain from the other surface take with them a layer of ____ mater, which forms a ____ space called ____ ____. | pia, perivascular, Virchow-Robbins space |
| CSF fills the ____ space between the ____ mater and the ____ mater. | subarachnoid, arachnoid, pia |
| Meningitis is caused by ____ cells present in the ____ and _____ spaces. | inflammatory, subarachnoid, Virchow-Robbins |
| White matter of the CNS is composed mainly of ____ ____. | myelinated axons |
| Grey matter of the CNS is composed mainly of ____ ____ ____. | neuronal cell bodies |
| ____ is a felt-like material composed of axons, dendrites, and processes of oligodendroglia, microglia, and astrocytes in the grey matter. | Neuropil |
| Neurons are ____ designed to receive and transmit ____, and to secrete and transport ____. | cells, stimuli, hormones |
| Neurons are composed of a ____ ____, with efferent ___ and afferent _____ processes. | cell body, axons, dendritic |
| Neuronal cell bodies are collected into groups in the brain and spinal cord called ____. | nuclei |
| What characteristic changes occur following trauma to an axon? | 1. central chromatolysis; 2. Wallerian degeneration |
| Describe Wallerian degeneration. | degeneration of an axon distal to the point of injury; the axon disintegrates and is slowly removed by macrophages. The myelin sheath swells and fragments. |
| What is central chromatolysis? | typical changes in the neuronal soma (cell body) following damage to an axon, including swelling and clearing of the cytoplasm in the center of the cell body |
| If a neronal cell body survives the initial trauma, the axon ____ to the trauma can begin to ____ within ____. | proximal, regenerate, days |
| Following axonal trauma, it is possible for a proliferating ____ ____ to enter an intact ____ ____ and grow along it at a rate of ____ mm per ____. | axonal sprout, endoneural tube, 1-4, day |
| Central chromatolysis is also know as the "____ ____". | axon reaction |
| Any condition that deprives a neuron of ____ or ____ supply can cause ____-type damage. | oxygen, energy, ischaemic |
| Ischaemic damage to neurons involves a mechanism known as ____. | excitotoxicity |
| Excitotoxicty involves too much ____ in the ____ of neurons. | calcium, cytoplasm |
| During neuronal hypoxia, there is ____ to ____ and other ____ which results in the release of ____ ____ into the ____. | damage, mitochondria, organelles, sequesteered calcium, cytoplasm |
| During neuronal hypoxia, increased levels of intracellular ____ activates ____ and causes ____ ____ and generation of ____ ____. | calcium, enzymes, membrane damage, free radicals |
| As part of the excitotoxicity mechanish, there is prolonged ____ of the neuron, resulting in release of large amounts of ____ ____ such as ____, which stimulates the movement of ____ ___ into the cell, thus potentiating the damage caused by activated ___. | depolarization, excitatory neurotransmitters, glutamate, extracellular calcium, enzymes |
| ____ are small cells with dark round nuclei, found in grey matter and in rows between nerve fibers in white matter. Their function is to ____ and ___ the ___ ___ around ____. The equivalent cell in the PNS is the ____ cell. | Oligodendrogliocytes, produce, maintain, myelin sheath, axons, Schwann |
| Damage to one ____ can result in ____ of many ____, because each ____ has multiple processes that extend to many different ____. | oligodendrogliocyte, demyelination, axons, oligodendrogliocyte, axons |
| The most numerous cells in the CNS are the ____. | astrocytes |
| The fucntion of astrocytes is ____ and ____, and they also have ____ functions. | structural, supportive, regulatory |
| Astrocytes have a large number of cell ____ that form an ____ ____ ____. Some of these ____ form part of the ___-____ ____. | processes, interconnecting structural framework, processes, blood-brain barrier |
| Astrocystes play a role in ____ via ____ of cell processes; healing can result in an "____ ____". | repair, proliferation, astrocytic scar |
| The ependyma is the ciliated cuboidal to columnar ___ lining the ____, the ____ ____, and the ___ ___ of the spinal cord. It lies between the brain ____ and the ____. | epithelium, ventricles, mesencephalic aqueduct, central canal, parenchyma, CSF |
| The ____ ____ is a vascular structure present within some parts of the ventricular system of the brain. It is comprised of ____, ____, and ____ ____. It plays a role in the production of ____. | choroid plexus, capillaries, ependyma, pia mater, CSF |
| CSF is formed by the ____ ____ and the ____. It is secreted into the ____, moves through them, and out into the ____ space via the ____ ____ of the ____ ventricles. | choroid plexus, ependyma, ventricles, subarachnoid, lateral processes, fourth |
| CSF is removed by passing through the ____ ____ into the ____ ____ ____ and on into the ____. ____ ____ are extension of the ____ membrane that project from the ____ space into the ____ ____ ____. | arachnoid villi, dural venous sinuses, bloodstream, arachnoid villi, arachnoid subarachnoid, dural venous sinuses |
| The blood-brain barrier is formed by ____ ____ between the endothelial cells lining the ____ ____ within the brain parenchyma, as well as ____ processes of ____ that terminate on the endothelial cells. | tight junctions, blood vessels, foot, astrocytes |
| Due to the blood-brain barrier, the only substances that can leave the vessels in the brain are ____, small ____-____ molecules, and certain compounds such as ____ and ____ ____, which have specific active transport systems. | water, lipid-soluble, glucose, amino acids |
| Name the 4 types of cerebral oedema. | 1. vasogenic; 2. cytotoxic; 3. hydrostatic; 4. osmotic |
| Vasogenic oedmea is an ____ oedema involving the loosening of ____ ____ and the breakdown of the ____-____ ____. | extracellular, tight junctions, blood-brain barrier. |
| In vasogenic oedmea, fluid, ____, and ____ ____ leak out of the vessels, remaining mostly in the ____ compartment. | solutes, plasma proteins, interstitial (extracellular) |
| Vasogenic oedema is commonly seen following ____ injury, formation of ____-____ lesions, or ____. | vascular, space-occupying, inflammation |
| Cytotoxic oedema is an ____ oedema that develops due to disrupted cellular ____. It can occur when cellular ____ production is impaired, resulting in failure of the ____ ____, an accumulation of intracellular ____, and an influx of ____. | intracellular, metabolism, ATP, NA/K pump, sodium, water |
| Hydrostatic oedema occurs when there is an increase in ____ ____ ____, usually due to ____. | ventricular hydrostatic pressure, hydrocephalus |
| With hydrostatic oedema, there is increased ____ of ____ across the ____ lining the ____. This fluid accumulates in the ____ ____ ____. | movement, fluid, ependyma, ventricle, periventricular white matter. |
| Osmotic cerebral oedema can occur due to sudden water ____ (water ____). The increased water load leads to production of ____ ____, causing ____-____ fluid to move from the plasma into the brain via ____. | loading, intoxication, hypotonic plasma, solute-free, osmosis |
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