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Chapter 12 Long Vers
CHAPTER 12 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | passsage of substances of digested food molecules into intestinal cells |
| Amylase | an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules. |
| Bile | a bitter, yellow-green secreting of the liver. |
| Chyme | liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just before it is released into the duodenum. |
| Crown | the part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line. |
| Deciduous Teeth | the first set or primary teeth; baby teeth. |
| Defecation | the act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus. |
| Deglutition | swallowing. |
| Dietitian | an allied health professional trained to plan nutritional programs for people. |
| Digestion | process of altering the chemical and physical compostion of food so that it can be used by the body cells. |
| Enamel | a hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth. (hardest substance in the body) |
| Endocrine Gland | a gland that secretes in enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts. |
| Exocrine Gland | gland that secretes it's enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel. |
| Gastroenterologist | medical doctor who specializes in the study of the disease or disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Gavage | procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube. |
| Gingivae | gum tissue |
| Glucagon | hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low. |
| Glucose | simple sugar found in certain foods. |
| Glycogen | complex sugar (starch) that is the major carb stored in animal cells. |
| Glycogenesis | conversion of simple sugar (glucose) into a complex form of sugar (starch) for storage in the liver. |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver. |
| Hepatocyte | liver cell. |
| Ileum | distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum. |
| Mastication | chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva. |
| Nutritionist | allied health professional who studies & applies the principles and science of nutrition. |
| Palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth. |
| Pancreas | elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches long, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. |
| Pharynx | throat. |
| Rectum | portion of the large intestine, 12 cm long. |
| Rugae | a ridge or fold |
| Saliva | the clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary and mucous glands in the mouth. |
| Salivary Glands | 1 of the 3 pairs of glands secreting into the mouth, thus aiding the digestive process. |
| Sigmoid Colon | portion of the colon that extends frmo the end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum. |
| Sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passages or closes a natural opening in the body. |
| Stomach | major organ of digestion located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and divided into a body and pylorus. |
| Uvula | the small, cone-shaped process suspended in the mouth. |
| Achlorhydria | abnormal condition characterized by the absense of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. |
| Anorexia | lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. |
| Aphagia | condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes. |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. |
| Borborygmus | audible abdominal sound |
| Constipation | difficulty in passing stooles. |
| Diarrhea | frequent passage of loose, watery stools. |
| Dyspepsia | vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating. an uncomfortable feeling of fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea. |
| Emaciation | excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition. |
| Emesis | material expelled from the stomach during vomiting |
| Eructation | belching. |
| Flatus, Flatulence | air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | blackflow of content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. |
| Icterus | yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes; JAUNDICE. |
| Nausea | unpleasant sensation often leading to the urge to vomit. |
| Pruritus Ani | itchy booty. |
| Steatorrhea | greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces, characterized by frothy foul-smelling fecal matter that floats. |
| Vomitus | Emesis; material expelled from the stomach during vomiting. |
| Anal Fistula | abnormal passageway of the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum. |
| Aphthous Stomatitis | small inflammatory noninfectious ulcerated lesions occurring on the lips, tongue, and inside the cheeks of the mouth; CANKER SORES. |
| Celiac Disease | nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small bowel mucosa. |
| Cirrhosis | disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative, causing injury to the hepatocytes (functional cells of the liver). |
| Colorectal Cancer | presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine. |
| Crohn's Disease | digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia. |
| Dental Caries | tooth decay; cavities |
| Dysentery | painful intestinal inflammation typicall caused by ingesting water or food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants. |
| Gallstones (cholelithiasis) | pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization. |
| Hemorrhoids | unnaturally swollen vein in the distal rectum or anus. |
| Hepatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites. |
| Hernia | irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surround cavity's muscular wall. |
| Intussusception | telescoping of a portion of proximal intestine into distal intestine, usually in the ileocecal region. |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Spastic colon. Increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and the trapping of gas throughout the intestines. |
| Oral Luekoplakia | precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth. |
| Peptic Ulcers | break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity of the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. |
| Polyps, Colorectal | small growths projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum. |
| Thrush | fungal infection in the mouth and throat producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces. |
| Ulcerative Colitis | chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers. characterized by large, watery diarrheal stools containing mucus, pus, or blood. |
| Abdominocentesis (paracentesis) | involves insertion of a needle or trochar into the abdominal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position. |
| Amylase | enzyme secreted normally from the pancreatic cells that travels to the duodenum by way of the pancreatic duct & aids in digestion. |
| Cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder. |
| Cholecystography (oral) | visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye. |
| Colonoscopy | direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope. |
| Colostomy | surgical creation of a new opening of the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled (an abdominal-wall anus) by bringing the incised colon out to the abdominal surface. |
| Gastric Lavage | irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach with sterile water or a saline solution. |
| Herniorrhaphy | surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect using sutures, mesh, or wire. |
| Small Bowel Follow-Through | oral administration of a radiopaque contract medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system. |
Created by:
kmariemurray
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