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WHAP CH 17
Transformation of the West
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Italian Renaissance | 14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power. |
| Humanism | A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. |
| Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than did the Italian Renaissance. |
| Francis I | King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials. |
| European-style family | Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family. |
| Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority. |
| Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517. |
| Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII. |
| Jean Calvin | French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; effect included wider public education and access to government. |
| Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. |
| Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe. |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. |
| Thirty Years War | War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; the Netherlands gained independence. |
| English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. |
| Proletariat | Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturingworkers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes |
| Witchcraft hysteria | 17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women. |
| Scientific Revolution | Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period ofempirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical |
| Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the sun was at the center of the universe. |
| Johannes Kepler | Resolved basic issues of planetary motion and accomplished important work in optics. |
| Galileo | Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. |
| John Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump. |
| René Descartes | Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity. physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; |
| Deism | A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion. |
| John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants. |
| Absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state. |
| Louis XIV | Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy. |
| Mercantilism | 17th- and 18th-century economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power of the state. |
| Glorious Revolution | English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king |
| Frederick the Great | Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion and increased state control of economy. |
| Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior. |
| Adam Smith | Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women. |
| Indulgences | Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins. |
| Predestination | The belief that God has ordained all events to come. |
| Parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. |
| Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. |
Created by:
mrcooper
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