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Weeks 1-3
Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Indulgences | Grants exempting Catholic Churches from the performance of penance, either in life or after death. Alleged abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major point of contention when Martin Luther initiated the Protestant reformation |
| Martin Luther | Wrote his Ninety-Five Theses condemning what he saw as the purchase and sale of salvation. He was the iconic figure of the protestant reformation. In 1521 his refusal to retract his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X resulted in his excommunication. |
| Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to his death, he rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 when the pope refused to annul his marriage to his queen Catherine of Aragon; he became the founder of the church of England. He had 6 wives total. |
| Church of England | Founded by Henry VIII in the 1530s as a consequence of his break with authority of the Roman pope. This began a series of events known as the English Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary, the Church was fully restored under Rome in 1555. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who endured severe persecution during the 16th and 17th centuries. They were followers of John Calvin and by the 1560s they represented 10-20% of the population. In 1572, during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 10,000+ were killed. |
| Henry IV | Henry of Navarre, he renounced his Protestantism but granted limited toleration for Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes in 1598. |
| The Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry IV in 1598 in an effort to end religious violence. The edict declared France to be a Catholic country, but tolerated some forms of Protestant worship. |
| The Peace of Augsburg | A settlement negotiated in 1555 within the Holy Roman Empire. Formed "Cuius Regio, Eius Religio" (he who rules, his religion). Meaning that the inhabitants of any given territory should follow the religion of its ruler, whether Catholic or Protestant. |
| Thirty Years War | Began in 1618 and lasted until 1648. Started as a conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia. Religious conflict quickly escalated and became a pan-European war fought on German soil by armies from Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Peace of Westphalia | An agreement reached at the end of the 30 years war that altered the political map of Europe. Contributed to rise of France and the fall of Spain. The Austrian Hapsburgs had to surrender territory. Ended german religious wars and limited papacy's power. |
| Absolutism | Form of government in which one body, usually the monarch, controls the right to make war, tax, judge, and coin money. The term was often used to refer to -the state monarchies in 17-18th century Europe. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Considered the first Prime Minister to King Louis XIII. He is considered by many to have ruled France in all but name, centralizing political power and suppressing dissent. |
| Charles I of England | Attempted to rule without the support of Parliament which erupted into a civil war in 1642. He was ultimately defeated and executed by act of Parliament. This was the first time that a reigning king was executed by his own government. |
| Louis XIV | Referred to as 'Louis the Great' or 'Sun King'. He reigned from the age of four in 1643 to his death in 1715. He was known for his success at strengthening the institutions of the French absolutist state. |
| Mercantilism | A theory & policy for directing the economy of monarchical states between 1600-1800 based on the assumption that wealth and power depended on a favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals. Mercantilism advocated domestic production |
| Peace of Utrecht | A series of treaties between several European states including Spain, Great Britain, France and Portugal, which helped to end the War of the Spanish Succession. This helped to preserve the balance of power. |
| Triangular Trade | The eighteenth-century commercial Atlantic shipping pattern that took rum from New England to Africa, traded it for Slaves taken to the West Indies, and brought sugar back to New England to be processed into rum. |
Created by:
cassidylm34
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