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20th Century History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the Mexican Revolution call into question? | Democracy does not mean control is in the hands of the people |
| What kind of government controlled Mexico at the time of the Mexican Revolution? | Oligarchy (small group of bourgeoisie) |
| Name two things the Mexicans wanted. (Mexican rev.) | Land and liberty |
| Who lead the NORTHERN Mexican revolution? | Emiliano Zapato |
| Who lead the SOUTHERN Mexican revolution? | Pancho Villa |
| Women also participated in the Mexican army. What where they called? (Mexican rev.) | Soldaderas |
| What was the new radical development in art called? (Mexican rev.) | Muralism (public art in public spaces) |
| Name two Mexican muralists. | Frieda Kahlo and Diego Rivera |
| Was the Mexican Revolution successful? | Not really, the bourgeoisie are still in power, however there definitely was some sort of land reform. |
| Name an important piece of legislation enacted as a result of the Mexican Revolution. | The Mexican Constitution of 1917 |
| During what years did the Mexican Revolution take place? | 1910-1920 |
| During what year did the Chinese Revolution take place? | 1911 |
| True or false: the Chinese Revolution was peaceful. | True: there were no armed uprisings. |
| Was China industrialized during its revolution? | There was a small degree of industrialization in the coastal areas, but generally, no. |
| Was the Chinese Revolution a success? | Yes, in 1911 it was free from imperial rule and officially a republic. |
| Who was the first president of Republican China? | Sun Yat Sen |
| When did the Russian Revolution take place? | October/November 1917 |
| What was the Russian Rev. influenced by? | English/American/French revolutions |
| Was it considered a bourgeois, proletariat or peasant revolution? (Russian rev.) | Peasant - vast majority (80%) of population worked in agriculture |
| Name a thinker who criticized peasant revolution. | Karl Marx |
| Name two intellectual writers who were critical of tsarist rules. | Leon Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky |
| Where does the word "czar" come from? | Caesar |
| Which tsar was in power at the time of the Russian Revolution? | Tsar Nicholas II |
| What was wrong with Tsar Nicholas II? | He was divorced from the lives of the majority and when he tried to reform, it was too little too late. |
| Which political party believed the best choice was gradual political reform rather than forced, quick revolution? (Russian rev.) | Constitutional Democrats |
| Which political party believed in radical change without revolution? (Russian rev.) | Social Revolutionaries |
| Which party was inspired by Marxist thinking? (Russian rev.) | Social Democrats |
| Which group held the most powerful political power in Russia? (Russian rev.) | Bolsheviks |
| Which party advocated violence and assassination? (Russian rev.) | Anarchists |
| Which event made the tsar realize change in Russia was necessary and that things could get out of hand very quickly? (Russian rev.) | Winter Palace, Bloody Sunday 1905 |
| What is the Russian parliament called? (Russian rev.) | The Duma |
| What is the problem with the Russian parliament? (Russian rev.) | It's made up of bourgeoisies and the majority still don't have enough representation. |
| What is the name of the group of peasants, workers and soldiers who challenged the Russian parliament? | Petrograd Soviet |
| Who leads the Bolsheviks? (Russian rev.) | Lenin |
| Why was Lenin allowed to return from exile? (Russian rev.) | So Germany wouldn't have to fight a war on two separate fronts. |
| What happened on November 7th, 1917? (Russian rev.) | The Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd. |
| Who believed that one of the key aspects of communism was about organizing to make change happen? | Lenin |
| What did the Bolsheviks and Lenin launch to keep the Russian economy alive? | New Economic Policy (which encouraged private ownership) |
| What is the name of the Russians who did NOT want the revolution to spread? | The Whites |
| Who wanted to expand the revolution outside Russia? (internationalism) | Trotsky |
| What is the new art form that comes about during the Russian Revolution? | Social Realism |
| Who made famous films concerning the Russian Revolution? | Eisenstein |
| What is the name of the Russian naval ship that helped swing the tide in favor of the Russian revolution? | Potemkin |
| Name the Russian woman who believed the power was in the hands of the proletariat, not the peasants. | Alexandra Kollontai |
| Who was able to overcome Trotsky? (Russian rev.) | Stalin |
| True or false: Stalin managed to institutionalize the ideas of the socialist state. | True |
| What is it called when you have people electing representatives for the Soviet government? | Democratic centralism |
| Bismarck's unified Germany was overthrown by which king? | Kaiser Wilhelm II |
| What is oxymoronic about the arms race? | It creates tension, but allows for peace. |
| Which are the main countries that make up the Triple Alliance? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| What is the Triple Alliance called when the Ottomans join? | The Central Powers |
| Which are the main countries that make up the Triple Entente? | Britain, Russia and France |
| Why did Russia choose to ally with Britain and France? | They lacked a warm water port and wanted to get more territory through France and Britain. |
| What is so surprising about Britain and France being allies? | They were never allies before, but were brought together because they had common enemies. |
| Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? | Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
| Who wrote On Liberty and what was it about? | John Stuart Mill - the liberal notion of individualism |
| Who wrote Origin of Species? | Charles Darwin |
| There was a growing sense of _____ during the time of WWI. | Nationalism |
| Name the man in charge of the communist party of China. | Mao |
| True or false: the revolution in China was a proletariat revolution. | False - it was a peasant revolution |
| During which years did the Boer War take place? | 1899-1902 |
| Who were the two parties involved in the Boer War? | The Dutch settlers (Boers) and the people of South Africa |
| True or false: the Dutch took over South Africa peacefully. | False - it was a bloody and brutal war |
| What is the "death knell"? | Death toll that rises slowly but surely |
| When was the Partition of Bengal? | 1905 |
| Which population represented the Eastern part of Bengal? | Muslim |
| Which population represented the Western part of Bengal? | Hindu |
| What is the spark that caused World War I? | The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 |
| Austria-Hungary declares war on _____ (WWI) | Serbia |
| _____ comes to Serbia's defence (WWI) | Russia |
| _____ declares war on Russia (WWI) | Germany |
| _____ advises Russia not to back down (WWI) | France |
| _____ declares war on France (WWI) | Germany |
| _____ invades Belgium (WWI) | Germany |
| _____ defends Belgium by declaring war on Germany (WWI) | Britain |
| The development of what new transportation technology allowed countries to surprise their enemy? | Submarines |
| What was the problem with trench warfare? | Countries would win a few yards and then retreat a few yards |
| Name two advantages of armored tanks. | 1) Can move on rough ground 2) Can hold many troops |
| Which kinds of machine guns would fire continuously? | Vickers |
| _____ were used in warfare and _____ were used to spy. (WWI) | Airplanes and zeppelins |
| Name two poets who wrote about the horrors of WWI. | Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke |
| True or false: women were also sent to war. (WWI) | Yes - as nurses and aids |
| Was WWI a quick war or attrition? | Attrition (slow as opposed to quick) |
| What kind of war is one that involves the mobilization of entire populations? | Total war |
| Which famous writer's fiance died and consequently wrote the Testament of Youth? | Vera Brittain |
| Which German novelist documented the horrors of war and questioned "who really wins?" | Erich Maria Remarque |
| What is the Balfour Declaration? | A short, typed letter to Baron Rothschild signed by Mr. Balfour on behalf of Zionist Jews who wanted their own home country |
| Who pointed out that creating new boundaries often leaves those originally living there on the fringes? | Rabindarath Tagore |
| Which country were the Zionist Jews offered to use as their homeland? | Uganda |
| Various nations came to Paris to sign which treaty at the end of WWI? | Treaty of Versailles |
| Which country ultimately had to pay for the war damages at the Treaty of Versailles? | Germany |
| Which British man disagreed with the condemnation of Germany at the Treaty of Versailles for fear of economic struggle? | John Maynard Keynes |
| Which empire breaks up as a result of the Treaty of Versailles? | Ottoman Empire |
| Which men represented Britain, France and the USA at the Treaty of Versailles? | Britain - Churchill, France - Clemenceau, USA - Wilson |
| Which document did the Americans draft as a response to WWI? | The Fourteen Points |
| What are the two main concerns of the USA after WWI? | 1) All nations should have the right to self-governance 2) There should be an organization that ensures peace in the world (League of Nations) |
| Name 3 countries that come into existence after the Treaty of Versailles. | Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia |
| Which man used the Turkish army as a vehicle for introducing modernity in government? | Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) |
| Which genocide is not generally recognized in world history? | Armenian Genocide |
| Name three results of WWI. | 1) Decline of liberalism (maybe individual rights aren't the way to go) 2) Anti-colonial upsurge (just because you're white doesn't mean you're better) 3) Government intervention in domestic affairs (necessary to deal with economic hardship) |
| Who was the fascist leader of Italy? | Mussolini |
| Which member of the communist party of Italy wrote the Prison Notebooks when he was thrown in jail by Italian fascists? | Antonio Gramsci |
| What group symbolizes the strength of Rome? | Fasci di Combattimento (League of Combat) |
| Name four factors contributing to fascism. | 1) Economic crises (Great Depression) 2) Nationalism (humiliated nations must be resurgent) 3) Militarism (peace is for the weak) 4) Gender aspects (women are homemakers, the state is for men) |
| Why did industrialists (capitalists) support fascism? | Labor unrest would be smashed and communist parties would be abolished and their money-making abilities would not be compromised. |
| True or false: There were fascist parties outside Italy. | True |
| Who believed art was the only way to fuel the beliefs of an elite group? | Bertolt Brecht |
| What are the three k's that describe the (antiquated) female role model? | Kinder, kuche, kirche (children, kitchen, church) |
| During which years did the Spanish Civil War take place? | 1936-1939 |
| True or false: Spain was industrialized at the time. | False - they were almost feudal, there was a landowning elite |
| A coalition of _____ and ______ had come into power and were in the process of institutionalizing various reform measures. | Liberals and radicals |
| Which party regarded the new republican government with horror? | Conservatives |
| Why was the Spanish army unavailable to mediate the growing tensions in Spain? | They were busy in Morocco |
| Which fascist general moved north to attempt a coup d'etat? | General Francisco Franco |
| Which man began to aid the right-wing fascist side of the civil war? | Mussolini |
| Why did Hitler regard the Spanish Civil War as an opportunity to use it as a "laboratory of war"? | He experimented with different war methods such as aerial bombing. |
| Why was the Spanish Civil War unjust? | The left-wings were not supported with military supplies. |
| Why didn't foreign countries intervene in the Spanish Civil War? | After the atrocities of WWI, neutrality was the policy of many countries. |
| Which group of young people emerges to go fight in Spain? | the International Brigades |
| Which Picasso painting famously depicts a pivotal moment during the Spanish Civil War? | Bombing of Guernica |
| For how many years were the Nazis in power? | Three |
| True or false: Hitler was elected as head of state. | False - he was appointed |
| What essentially allowed Hitler to gain so much power? | He delegitimized the communists. |
| Which Nazi version of Coca Cola used propaganda in their advertisements? | Fanta |
| True or false: the pope was actively involved in Hitler's reign. | False - he was passive |
| Why did people choose fascism over communism? | It seemed like the lesser of the two evils. |
| Who wrote a poem about the struggle in choosing which side to support in any given war? | Martin Neimoller |
| Which Canadian doctor was a member of the communist party and traveled to China to provide medical assistance there? | Norman Bethune |
| Which neurologist founded the Montreal neurological institute? | Walter Penfield |
| What were the Chinese nationalists otherwise known as? | Kuomintang |
| What was formed in Russia in order to support the seeds of revolution? | The Comintern |
| Which word is a synonym for "traitor" in WWII? | Quisling |
| What is known as a "lightning strike" military tactic in WWII? | Blitzkrieg |
| What exactly did the Nazis want, also known as "living space"? | Lebensraum |
| What did the allies practice towards Germany after the Treaty of Versailles? | appeasement |
| Which country is given to Germany as a "sacrificial lamb"? | Czechoslovakia |
| What year marks the start of World War II and why? | 1939, Nazis invade Poland |
| Which two bombings end World War II? | Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Which event causes the USA to get involved in WWII? | Pearl Harbor |
| What kind of bombs managed to flatten the German city of Dresden, thus lowering German morale? | Fire bombings |
| Why did millions die in Bengal in 1934? | Food was being taken from civilians to feed the ally troops, thus causing widespread famine throughout the country. |
| What is the largest battle in WWII? (generated 2 million+ causalities) | Stalingrad |
| What is the name of the Hitler-Stalin pact? | Nonaggression pact |
| What was particular about this Hitler-Stalin pact? | Neither actually intended on following it, and Germany eventually breaks the pact and targets the Soviets. |
| Which US president backed the economics of armaments (i.e. the idea that war is good for business)? | Eisenhower |
| Name a scientist working on the atomic bomb. | Leo Szilard |
| What did Churchill call the converging ally forces and the notion that areas that come under the Soviets become become part of the "Eastern Block"? | Iron Curtain |
| Why is considered a "Cold" war? | Because there's no active firing of arms, just the building of nuclear arms which leads to tensions between nations. |
| Which military alliance emerged as a potential measure of deterrence? | NATO (North Atlantic Trade Organization) |
| Which military alliance was created to counterbalance NATO? | The Warsaw Pact |
| Britain formed what group in order to maintain economic connections with de-colonized countries? | British Commonwealth |
| Which was the first country to gain its independence from Britain? | India |
| In what year did the Chinese communist party take control of China? | 1949 |
| Where did the Chinese nationalists flee to? | Taiwan |
| Where does the term "third world" come from? | The countries who are recently de-colonized and want to create their own destinies establish a "third block" made of the heads of states. |
| Name an intellectual who wrote about dealing with de-colonization. | Frantz Fanton |
| What kind of struggles did Fanton deal with? Name two book he wrote. | The fact that he was a black Frenchman from Martinique. He wrote "The Wretched of the Earth" and "Black Skin White Mask" |
| The third world chose to side with neither NATO or the Warsaw Pact. What did they call themselves? | NAM: Non-Aligned Movement |
| Name two sub-military alliances that were formed with NATO. | CENTO (involving Turkey) and SEATO (involving Southeast Asia) |
| What was it called when a country would decide to concentrate on agricultural output as a means of economic growth? | Five Year Plan |
| Why was debt an issue for third world countries? | They had to get back on track (economically) and fast, which meant taking out loans |
| There were hot wars fought between countries coming out of colonialism. What were they called? | Proxy wars |
| Which bank loaned money to countries? | World Bank |
| What is the plan of economic subsistence for post-World War Europe (to help it get out of devastation)? | The Marshall Plan |
| What are the major war crime trials of the period and during which years did they take place? | Nuremberg Trials (1944-46) |
| Who coined the term "genocide"? | Raphael Lemkin |
| When did the Convention on Genocide take place and what was its purpose? | In 1948 to determine the factors that declared any given event a "genocide" |
| Which 1948 document expresses right to life and freedom for all mankind? | Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| What is the problem with a "universal"? | Minority groups tend to slip through the cracks. |
| What is the conceptual term to talk about intellectual critique for analyzing events? | Post-modernism |
| What is a common criticism of post-modernism? | It gets too involved with specifics and forgets universals |
| Which parties were involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis? | Cuba, USA, Russia |
| Why is 1989 an important year? | Fall of the Berlin Wall and break-up of Soviet Russia |
| Which peoples were demonized during the Cold War besides the communists? | Muslims |
| Tensions rose between which two peoples in India? | Muslims and Hindus |
| What two groups did these two peoples divide themselves into? | Muslim League vs. Congress (Ghandi, etc) |
| What was the Congress' POV on the tensions in India? | They thought partitioning the Muslims would cause further tensions and religious divide and differences. |
| When did the India-Pakistan partition take place? | 1947 |
| What are the rulers in India called? | Maharajas |
| Name a place in India that was particularly difficult to divide. | Kashmir |
| Why was it difficult to divide? | Its population was mostly Muslim but its maharaja was Hindu |
| How many wars were fought during the India-Pakistan partition? | Four |
| What are three historiographic problems with the India-Pakistan partition? | 1) It was a consequence of Muslim-Hindu conflicts. (FALSE-India was multi-religious) 2) Muslim League wanted a separate country from the beginning (FALSE-they just wanted some control over domestic affairs) 3) Map drawing was done without consultation |
| When does the UN declare the partition between Israel and Palestine? | 1948 |
| What are two controversial areas in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? | West Bank and Gaza Strip |
Created by:
ericaf
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