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(Chadmw) Ch. 1-7
(Willis) Chapters 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Historians | People who study and write about the human past |
| Archaeologist | A scientist who studies fossils & artifacts to learn how people lived long ago |
| Six Characteristics of Civilization | cities, governments, religion, social structure, writing and art |
| Civilization | a type of human society that cannot develop without a food surplus created by domesticated plants and animals |
| Artisans | Skilled workers who made metal products, cloth, or pottery |
| Domesticate | To tame animals and plants for human use |
| Irrigation | A method developed by the Mesopotamians for bringing water to a dry field to water crops |
| Hammurabi | The Mesopotamian king who created a collection of written laws called the “Code of Hammurabi.” His laws applied to everyone & covered most areas of daily life |
| Sargon | the king of the Akkadians who is given credit for building the world's first Empire |
| Emperor | ruler of an empire (a group of diverse territories or nations under the control of a single ruler) |
| Mesopotamian upper class | Kings & priests |
| Nebuchadnezzar | King of the Babylonians who led the rebellion that overthrew the Assyrians. He made Babylon one of the greatest cities of trade on earth & built the legendary Hanging Gardens to please his homesick wife |
| Trade | The practice of buying, selling, or bartering for items that has helped to spread ideas around the world |
| Caravan | A group of traveling merchants and animals |
| Dynasty | A line of rulers from the same family |
| Khufu | Pharaoh of ancient Egypt who built the Great Pyramid at Giza to help him make it to the afterlife |
| Nile Cataracts | The natural barrier that protected Egypt in the south |
| Menes | He is most remembered for uniting Upper & Lower Egypt around 3100 B.C., officially beginning Egyptian History & creating the first Egyptian dynasty |
| Prophet | A person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s words |
| Deity | A god or goddess |
| Mummy | A body that has been embalmed and wrapped in linen |
| Hatshepsut | The first woman to become Pharaoh & rule Egypt in her own right. She was known for her peaceful reign,during which she expanded Egypt's economy through trade & rebuilt many of Egypt's great temples |
| Akhenaton | Originally known as Amenhotep IV, he changed his name to honor the god Aton. He declared that there was only one god, destabilizing Egypt in the process & nearly destroying it by neglecting his duties |
| Ramses II | One of Egypt's greatest Pharaohs who reigned for 66 years. He expanded Egypt's borders to their largest extent & started a massive building program for monuments & temples, including Abu Simbel |
| Rabbi | Jewish leader and teacher of the torah |
| Kosher | Food prepared according to Jewish dietary laws |
| Torah | The first five books of the Jewish Bible |
| Diaspora | The scattering of communities of Jews outside their homeland after the Babylonian captivity. This also refers to those communities of Jews who live outside of their homeland as a result of that event |
| Reincarnation | the belief in Hinduism that a person's soul is reborn |
| Caste System | Strict system of segregation based on social class. People are born into their Caste & cannot change it. Caste is considered to be earned through actions in previous lives & it determines their job, social group, & their marriages. |
| Guru | religious leader, teacher, & spiritual guide in Hinduism |
| Untouchable | In Hinduism, a person who is lowest in the caste system & considered to be dirty or unclean |
| Buddhism | A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama. It taught the four noble truths, in which the way to find truth was to give up all desires. This religion also became popular because it rejected the Caste System and did not accept the idea of jati, or castes |
| Theocracy | A government headed by religious leaders |
| Asoka | He is considered to be India’s greatest ruler because even though he was a great warrior with many conquests, he eventually converted to Buddhism & dedicated his rule to peace, prosperity, & enlightenment |
| Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China that taught that those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source & maintained that right as long as they ruled justly. If they did not, the people had the right to overthrow them |
| The Rudder & Compass | These two Chinese inventions allowed the Chinese to travel further by sea for trade, enriching the empire |
| Silk Road | a series of dangerous trade routes between China & the Mediterranean Sea on which merchants traded very expensive luxury goods such as Silk, Tea, Spices, & Porcelain. It led to the exchange of culture & ideas between places like China, India, & Rome |
| Polis | The Greek word for city |
| Mythology | The collection of Myths about gods & heroes through which the Greeks expressed their religious beliefs |
| Tyrant | A person who takes power by force and who rules with absolute power & authority |
| Oligarchy | A government in which a small group of people holds power |
| Democracy | A government in which all citizens share in running the government |
| Athens | A city state in early Greece which developed into a democracy that was renowned for its culture. Its boys were given a well-rounded education that was designed to prepare them to be good citizens who pledged an oath to uphold the Constitution |
| Sparta | A city state in early Greece that focused mainly on training young boys to be brave soldiers. It was renowned for having the best |
| Xerxes | The son of Darius, this Persian king took the throne in 486 B.C. after the death of his father. He invaded Greece with the largest army ever assembled to seek revenge for his father’s defeat at Marathon, but was eventually defeated |
| Pericles | Athenian general & statesman who led Athens. He contributed greatly to Athens' political & cultural supremacy in Greece & was responsible for the construction of the Parthenon & the Peloponnesian War, which was successful until his death |
| River Valleys | Places that all early civilization depended on for survival because they were a source of water & rich soil where transportation was easy. |
| Archimedes | A Greek scientist of the Hellenistic Era who worked on solid geometry. He is known for saying “Give me a lever and a place to stand, and I will move the earth.” |
| Plato | A student of Socrates, he wrote the “Republic” in which he describes the ideal government headed by philosopher Kings. He believed in equal education & job opportunities for men & women. |
| Alexander the Great | The son of Philip II & student of Aristotle, he was a brilliant & courageous general. He conquered the Persian Empire, freeing the Greeks in Asia Minor & extending Greek & Macedonian rule across three continents, all by the age of 32 |
| Philip II | The king of Macedonia who turned its army into a nearly unstoppable force. He loved Greek culture & planned to conquer Persia before his death. He was also the father of Alexander the Great |
| Homer | Greek poet and author of the epics the Iliad and the Odyssey, which are about the Trojan war & some of the soldiers’ return home |
| Herodotus | He is considered the "father of history," because he was the first real historian. He wrote the “History of the Persian Wars.” |
| Aristotle | student of Plato, he opened his own school called the Lyceum. He taught his students the "golden mean," which says that a person should do nothing in excess. He is also one of the most renowned thinkers in all of History |
| Drama | A Story told by actors who pretend to be the characters in the story (the source of most modern entertainment) |
| Delian League | Began as an alliance to protect the Greeks from Persia |
| Socrates | An Athenian sculptor & philosopher who was a critic of the Sophists. He believed in an absolute right & wrong & created the method of teaching through questioning called the “Socratic Method.” He was sentenced to death for his teachings |
| Hellenistic Era | A Period following the conquests of Alexander the Great when Greek language & Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of Southwest Asia & Northern India. |
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