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Veterinary Osteopath
VETERINARY-Bone necrosis and inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name 5 causes of bone necrosis | 1)Vascular disruption following fracture 2) Acute inflammation 3) Infiltrating neoplasms 4) Thromboembolism 5) Peripheral vasoconstriction (ergotism) |
| A large fragment of necrotic bone is referred to as what? | A sequestrum |
| Necrotic bone is resorbed by osteoclasts. True or False? | True |
| Why are large fragments of necrosis difficult for osteoclasts to reabsorb? | Large fragments can only be resorbed from the outside margins of the sequestrum |
| Name 3 factors which influence the healing of necrotic bone | 1)Volume of dead bone 2)Status of blood supply 3) Presence of infection |
| A layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone, which attempts to wall off the sequestrum, is referred to as what? | An involucrum |
| What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease? | A syndrome characterised by avascular necrosis of the femoral head (occurs in small dog breeds) |
| What is the pathogenesis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease? | Blood vessels to femoral head travel along neck before entering bone. In susceptible breeds, the vessels remain superficial and venous drainage may be impaired by increased intra-articular pressure (synovitis). Infarction of femoral head occurs |
| What do osteitis, osteomyelitis, and periostitis refer to? | A general term for bone inflammation, inflammation originating in the medullary cavity, and inflammation originating in the periosteum respectively |
| Tearing of ligamentous insertions can lead to exostoses. True of False? | True-large exostoses may interfere with function such as "splints" on metacarpal bones of horses |
| Are bacterial infections in bones common in horses and production animals? | Yes-usually hematogenous + centered on medullary cavity |
| Can compound fractures lead to bacterial osteomyelitis? | Yes especially dogs and cats |
| What are the predilection sites for bacterial osteomyelitis? | Bacteria most frequently localise at sites of active endochondral ossification in metaphyses + epiphyses of long bones and vertebral bodies |
| What species does "lumpy jaw" or mandibular osteomyelitis usually occur in? | Cattle |
| Which parasite usually causes mandibular osteomyelitis? | Actinomyces bovis |
| What is the pathogenesis of mandibular osteomyelitis? | Oral mucosal injury-Actinomyces bovis gains entry to bone via lymyphatics-induces chronic pyogranulomatous inflammatioin-progressive mandibular enlargment as a response to the inflammation |
| Name 2 fungi that can cause osteomyelitis | Cryptococcus neoformans and Paecilomyces sp |
| What is another name for hypertrophic osteodystrophy | Metaphyseal osteopathy |
| Canine metaphyseal osteopathy is a disease of young, fast growing, large/giant breed dogs of 3-6 months. True or False? | True |
| List characteristics of canine metaphyseal osteopathy | Swelling and pain in metaphyseal regions of long bones (esp radius + ulna), accompanied by fever, anorexia, may have diarrhea |
| What is a likely cause of canine metaphyseal osteopathy? | Most likely bacterial in origin, possibly following a period of neutropenia or impaired neutrophil function. Early infection characterised by suppurative inflammation |
| Craniomandibular osteopathy is what sort of disease? | Hyperostotic diesease |
| What does hyperostosis mean? | Excess new bone formation |
| When is an excess of new bone growth normal? | Trauma, infection, nutritional imbalances, neoplasia |
| What bones are effected in a craniomandibular osteopathy? | Mandible, occipital, and temporal bones are primarily involved |
| What breed of dog is commonly affected by craniomandibular osteopathy? | West Highland white terriers |
| Hypertrophic osteopathy is characterised by diffuse periosteal new bone formation along diaphyses + metaphyses of certain long bones. True of False? | True-Associated with chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disease in the thoracic cavity (occasionally in the abdomen) |
| What range of thoracic lesions may be involved in hypertrophic osteopathy? | 1* or 2* neoplasms, granulomatous inflammation of lungs +/- lymph nodes |
| Hypertrophic osteopathy has been associated with bladder tumors in dogs and ovarian tumors in horses. True of False? | True-bone lesions resolve if thoracic lesions are removed |
| What are possible causes of hypertrophic osteopathy? | Possibilities include hypoxia, AV shunting, neurogenic + humeral mechanisms, stimulation of extra-renal volume receptor system |
Created by:
vincentsvet
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