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Anthropology 001
Final Exam Study
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| reciprocal exchange | Gift- or barter-based social systems where exchange implies obligation, mutual expectations |
| redistributive exchange | one central person or authority allocates goods among society |
| market exchange | economic system in which goods are bought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand |
| capitalism | economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the market |
| social stratification | some groups in a society have greater access to wealth, power, and prestige than others |
| caste | Membership in hierarchical groups ascribed at birth; low to no social mobility |
| social class | wealth classifications |
| social mobility | movement from one social status to another |
| liberal individualist economic theory | groups, competitive, selfish, free market, buy cheap and sell high |
| marxian economic theory | capitalist society |
| bourgeoisie | ruling class |
| proletariat | working class |
| commodity form | goods produced with intention of selling, not keeping and using |
| use value | items whose worth value is determined by ability to satisfy a need |
| exchange value | goods whose worth has determined price |
| surplus value | profit obtained because the workers give more than they get |
| indisutrial reserve army | unemployed in capitalist economy |
| alienated labor | workers are disconnected from what they make and how they make it |
| informal economy | capitalists who do not obey government rules and regulations or pay business taxes |
| race | social grouping based on percieved physical appearences |
| ehtnicity | set of cultural ideas that people in a group are believed to share |
| phenotype | any observable characteristic or trait of an organism resulting from genes and environmental factors |
| human variation | forms of continuum without any clear breaks r natural boundaries between groups |
| black-white racial binary | whites have more prestife than blacks |
| hypodescent | offspring of mixed couples always inherit the less resitios race |
| whiteness | whites usually see themselves as individuals, not part of a group or culture |
| structural racism | inequality and subjugation is not a function of individual bias but due to institutional or social structural factors |
| animism | religions based on belief in souls or spirits inhering in objects who may interact with people for good or ill |
| monotheism | one god |
| polytheism | more than one god |
| syncretism | synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from the outside, often by force |
| myth | traditional stories that explain aspects of the natural world, legitimize social arrangements, or illustrate the values and ideal of a society |
| ritual | sequence of symbolic activities set off from the routines of everyday life that are connected to a specific set of ideas encoded in myth |
| rite of passage | ritual that serves to mark the movemtn and transformation of an individual from one social position to another |
| liminal/liminality/limen | state in rite of passage which person is outside ordinary social positions |
| shaman | specialized religious practitioner who is believed to have power to contact cosmic forces directly |
| symbol | something that stands for something else. central to language and culture |
| arbitrariness of language | signifier-signified |
| phoneme | minimal unit of sound recognized by speakers or a particular language |
| morpheme | minimal units of meaning in a language |
| generativity of language | infinite combinations of limited discrete sounds |
| dialect | patterned and marked language variations associated with one regional or social group |
| standard speech | dialectical style and grammatical system with the most prestige in a given society and upheld by its institutions |
| SAE | The grammatical system with the most prestige among American speakers of English |
| AAVE | The non-standard dialect of English spoken by many African Americans |
| code-switching | The ability to switch between different language varieties or verbal repertoires |
| play | A non-"ordinary" pleasurable frame of experience where people mutually agree to suspend everyday reality and abandon usual consequences |
| carnivalesque | Ludic cultural practices or spaces characterized by a sense of pleasure, humor, and play |
| cultural appropriation | adoption of some specific elements by a different cultural group. elements the take on meanings that are significantly divergent from what they orignally held; good and bad |
| globalization | The intensified movement of capital, goods, people, technologies, industries, services, images, and ideas around the world |
| multinational corporation | Companies able to move operations across national boundaries or base them in several countries simultaneously |
| Global South/North | Global South-3rd world; North-1st world |
| neocolonialism | Exploitative relationships between Western capitalist-industrial nation-states or multinational corporations and the formerly colonized “Third World” nations that provide low-wage labor for them |
| cultural imperialism | ideas and practices of one culture are imposed upon other cultures, which may be modified or eliminated as a result |
| Disneyfication | The imposition of romanticized or utopian fantasies into real-life spaces, where negative or threatening elements are omitted and controlled, while “positive” elements are embellished |
| cultural hybridity | The combination of of practices, beliefs, teachings, traditions of one culture with another |
| deindustrialization | The transition from a manufacturing to a service-sector economy |
| FIRE | finance, insurance, real estate |
| suburbinization | 1940s-1960s suburbs expand and families sprawl out of cities |
| white flight | causes urban depopulation, depletion of urban tax base, disinvestment in inner cities |
Created by:
ReneeSMC
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