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Socials Ch.5
The Prairies 1870-1896 (Canadian history)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| homesteader | a settler who had a place to live granted by the government |
| What did the Manitoba Act ensure? | French and English as official languages, catholic and protestant education systems 1.4 million acres of land reserved for the Metis for farmland |
| How many acres did the landscrip entitle a person? How much was it worth? | 160 acres of $160 |
| Who brutalized the Metis? | Peace agents |
| Why didn't the Metis understand the value of scrip? | Their traditional economy didn't include money or deeds |
| Collateral | something offered as security when asking for a loan |
| What was used as collateral by the speculators? And what for? | -Scrip -larger bank loans, providing them more investment capital |
| Investment capital | the start up money used to invest in a project |
| Why did Metis leave Manitoba in the 1870s? | Because the government threatened to imprison them if they didn't give up their scrip to the speculators |
| What did the Metis do when they tried to gravitate to the Northwest? | tried to recreate culture they enjoyed in Red River settlement before 1869 |
| Where did they settle? /3 | -near Fort Edmonton -land near junctions of North/South Saskatchewan Rivers -Dakota/Montana territory |
| Metis in the Northwest: What was always the center? | The Catholic Church |
| Where income was drawn from | -subsistence farming -hunting buffalo -hauling freight for HBC |
| What did the laws of St. Lauren govern? __ + ___ elected by community. Council had ___ ___ to... bison hunts regulated by ___. didn't ____ authority of ____ ___ | -All aspects of life -president + council elected by community -council had final authority to rule any disputes in the community -bison hunts regulated by captain -didn't usurp authority of Canadian government |
| Who was the Chief Factor at Fort Carleton? What did he use his position for? | -Lawrence Clark -To lower the Metis standard of living |
| When were the laws of St. Lauren adopted? | December 1873 |
| This person was with the HBC since 19 | Chief Factor Lawrence Clark |
| What did Lawrence Clarke do to this Metis? /2 | -hired them on temporary contracts instead of full time -paid them as little as possible |
| a judge | magistrate |
| What could happen to any Metis who objected to the ways of Clarke? | imprisonment |
| Who came to power under Alexander Mackenzie and when? | The Liberals in 1873 |
| Why was the Winter of 1874-1875 difficult for the Metis? | There was very little to eat, small amount of resources (bison) |
| This occurred in the Spring of 1875 | group of Metis started hunting before bison hunt officially began |
| The Metis leader of St. Laurent | Gabriel Dumont |
| What did the Canadian government admit? | That Clarke had engineered the issue |
| Where Dumont and his men were tried? | Fort Carlton |
| insatiable | impossible to be satisfied |
| anarchy | chaos, lawlessness |
| avarice | extreme greed |
| Since when has the Canadian fur trade been controlled by the HBC? | 1821 |
| American fur trade = ? | several small independent companies |
| What did the NWMP fear? | that the region would be lost to US |
| This Fort involved Whiskey trade and was located in Lethbridge, Alberta | Fort Whoop Up |
| What the NWMP was /2 | both a paramilitary and and organization |
| paramilitary | unofficial military organization |
| What happened in Spring ____ ? Who attacked who? What was the name of this event? | 1874, Assiniboin attacked group of Whiskey traders, Cypress Hills Massacre |
| How many people were killed? Where was the rage? | 30, Eastern Canada |
| The NWMP sent how many officers to form Canadian control over Cypress Hills? | 300 officers |
| Who was the Indian commissioner of the Department of Indian Affairs? | W. Simpson |
| How many treaties were there? When did the first and last treaties occurr? | 7 -First: August 1871 -Last: September 1877 |
| What was the smallest and largest treaty? | Smallest: #1 Largest: #5 or 6 |
| What did treat 1 and 2 ensure? | 1: equipment/ instruction for farming 2: gave gov't title to forest lands between Lake Winnipeg and Manitoba |
| This was introduced by the Canadian government in 1876 | Indian Act of 1876 |
| What did the Indian Act of 1876 confirm? | native peoples required to live on reserves, native children had to attend residential schools |
| Who did the government recruit to encourage natives to sign the treaties? | Catholic missionaries |
| The cultural destruction wasn't expected by /2 | the government and catholic missionaries |
| underwrite | to finance |
| Who had the national dream? What was this national dream? | John A Macdonald, to create a British North American nation that would rival the US |
| Who looked to Canada as way to increase their economic power? | many railway owners |
| The only major industrialist in Canada | Sir Hugh Allan |
| Who was the minister of finance and what did he propose to Sir Hugh Allan? | Francis Hincks, to undertake a transcontinental railway |
| Who did Macdonald appeal to? What did he promise on two memos? | George Etienne Cartier, promised Allan CPR contract |
| What led to the resignation of Macdonald's government in 1873? | The Pacific Scandal |
| What were the three parts to the national dream? | -settlement (160 acres land) -protective tariffs -railway (build it) |
| secede | withdraw from union |
| sell goods at low price | to dump |
| what became the top priority of the government? | construction of CPR |
| How many members of the CPR Syndicate were there? Who were they? | 3; George Stephen, Donald Smith, James J. Hill |
| What did these men do? | -George Stephen: BMO -Donald Smith: HBC -James J Hill: Canadian investing in US railways |
| How long did the syndicate say that transcontinental railway would take to build? | 10 years |
| What was the original route of the railway? Where was it moved to? | -along the fertile belt through Saskatoon and 49th parallel? -300 miles South |
| Why was the route changed? | because many speculators bought up land |
| Which provinces were part of the 49th parallel? /3 | Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta |
| The trio (CPR Syndicate) received how much money? | over $25 million and a grant of $25 million (majority of prairies) |
| CPR Saves the Nation: rebellion broke out when? | March 1885 |
| What did the troops have to do? What was the fastest way? | get to prairies quickly and put down rebellion, via the CPR |
| Who was Major AB rogers? What was his reward? | the surveyor who found a way through the Selkirk mountains, the pass being named after him + $5000 dollars. |
| to galvanize | to stir into action |
| When did the building of the CPR begin? | 1881 |
| Who was the new manager hired to get the CPR job done? | William Van Horne |
| Van Horne laid _ km or 1000 miles during the first _ years | 1500km, 2 |
| What were the main problems with Van Horne and the railway? | 1. workers went on strike because there wasn't any money to pay them 2. a bill was passed by the government that gave CPR additional $25 million to finish railways |
| Money was running out by ____ | fall 1883 |
| When did the Northwest rebellion break out? | March 1885 |
| Did Van Horne manager to transport the troops? How long did it take to get them to Winnipeg? | yes, 5 days |
| What happened on July 10, 1885? | CPR received enough cash from Ottawa to finish railway |
| When was the transcontinental link completed? | Fall 1885 (5 years ahead of original schedule) |
| 1. oblate 2. pragmatist | 1: Roman Catholic order of missionaries 2: someone who can see the practical, realistic side of an issue |
| What did the Metis want? /2 | title of their land, financial aid for farming |
| How much was 16 million acres worth? What was one of the government theories? | $71 million dollars, if they sold the land they'd earn more $ than cost of railroad |
| Where did the money come from? | Department of Indian Affairs, where budget was slashed |
| What did the government promise? What did the Indians never receive? What were the Indians forced to do? | -Indians could start new lives on reserves -promised materials -rely on government for survival |
| Why wouldn't the "difficult indians receive a thing? Why did the government issue this? what was a result of this in 1884? | The government didn't want to deal with trouble. It was issued to force Indians to behave. Many aboriginals were starving by 1884. |
| Who banded together to support their aboriginal relatives? | The Metis... |
| Where was Riel living in exile? What was he working as? | Montana, teacher |
| Who goes to Montana to convince Riel to fight on their behalf and when? What did the government see Riel's return as? | a Metis delegation, summer 1884, another rebellion brewing |
| What did the NWMP decide about Metis and Indians? | between 500-1100 of them were preparing to rebel |
| The Metis Bill of rights was written by who? When? /3 | Riel + sympathetic European farmer, late 1884 |
| What did the Bill of rights address, form reflect, and resemble? | addressed Metis grievances, formed basis of new province, |
| What did Riel do on March 19, 1885 | -addressed Metis at St. Lauren + told them peaceful resolution wasn't possible -government intended war on them |
| When was Riel arrested? What was he charged with? When was he hanged? | end of rebellion, high treason, Nov. 16, 1885 |
| How did the First Clash begin/ where? What Happened at Duck Lake? What happened within 30 minutes? | -attempt at negotiation -two sides met, exchanged angry words, 2 Metis shot -12 NWMP dead, 25 wounded |
| How many troops were sent Northwest? Where was the main force sent? | 5000, sent to the center of rebellion: Batoche and St. Laurent |
| What happened in April with the troops? How many Metis held off the troops and where For how long? Prevented them from doing what? | -1600 militia clashed with Dumont -less than 60 Metis at Fish Creek held off troops -one day -moving onto Batoche |
| Who attacked who in Batoche? How many of each side were there? How long did the Metis hold their ground for? | - 725 militia attack 125 Metis - 3 days |
| Why was Riel upset? What happened to him and Dumont? | -Riel was upset over the defeat and loss of life. -Riel was captured while Dumont escaped to the US. |
| What didn't the government see? What did they do to Riel/ didn't consider? What did the Metis view the gov't as? | -desperation of Metis/ Indians, charged Riel with high treason, wayward children mislead by Riel |
| Who did troops track down and arrest? What happened to most of them? | Aboriginal leaders who participated in the rebellion. Most were pardoned or sentenced to a short prison term. |
| What happened when Gabriel Dumont escaped to the US? Hint: years | He spent the next 10 years in exile |
| When was Louis Riel's trial? Where was it? Who was he defended by? What did his lawyers decide? | -1885, Regina -Defended by 3 Quebecois lawyers -that he shouldn't plead not guilty by reason of insanity |
| What did Riel do? What did he blame the government for? What did the jury recommend? | -refused and pleaded his case -refusal to follow through promises to First Nations + shooting first - clemency |
| Disagreed with Macdonald's vision | Alexander Mackenzie |
| SECOND Prime Minister of Canada | Alexander Mackenzie |
| "a lot of expensive trouble" | Alexander Mackenzie |
| Negative reaction to A. Mackenzie's attitude | BC |
| BC promised a railroad within 10 years | under Alexander Mackenzie |
| What is the NWMP? | -North West Mounted Police |
| Sanford Fleming | The person who organized/discovered the world's 24 time zones. |
| Chief Crowfoot: leader of? known for? most powerful in? /3 | -leader of the Blackfoot nation -known for being a pragmatist -most powerful in prairie area (Saskatchewan) |
| Where the Red River Rebellion occurred | Red River |
| a proclamation issued by ____ to help ensure that _____ settlers wouldn't run out of food | Pemmican Proclamation, Miles Macdonell, Selkirk |
| Leader of Metis 1816, HBC | Cuthbert Grant |
| issued Pemmican Proclamation, leader of colonists in Red River, belligerent reputation) | Miles Macdonnell |
| Robert Semple /2 | -governor of red river colony -burned fort gibraltar |
| Dumont did this in 1884 | He wrote a letter to the government regarding the unfair treatment of the Metis. |
| 1871 | Allan had created CPR |
| Chief Crowfoot negotiated with this person since 1870 | Father Lacombe |
| a temporary government | provisional government |
| was executed because he agitated and threatened the prison guards | Thomas Scott |
| called general election in 1872 | John A. Macdonald |
| John Schultz: didn't finish? Interested in _? | -didn't finish his medical degree -interested in business -orangeman |
| long strips of land used for farming. Used in farms all over Europe and New France | seigneurial pattern/farm |
| Main events of Battle of 7 Oaks: who attacked who and where? What was seized? When did this occur? Who and his men rode out to the Metis? Who was killed? | -Metis and Cuthbert Grant attacked HBC boats on the Assiniboine River -Pemmican - 1816 - Robert Semple -Semple and 20 of his men were killed, except one Metis |
| an important leader of the Metis in 1816. He was a problem in the merger. | Cuthbert Grant |
| leader of colonists in red river | Miles Macdonell |
| Robert Semple: governor of? burned what? | governor of red river colony, Fort Gibraltar |
| known as the "Little Emperor" due to his small stature and autocratic manner | George Simpson |
| Metis List of Rights: When was it adopted? What is it? What did it do? | -Adopted: Dec. 1869 -Canadian document -gave 1.4 million acres of land + protected Metis rights |
| like a military expedition | the bison hunt |
| Why did the government want to establish treaties with the First Peoples? | Because it would open up areas for Canadian and European trade settlement |
| effects of treaties /3 | starved them, lowered standard of living, and forced many to attend residential school |
| CPR RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION I 1) 1880: government searched for _. _ pitches in his proposal for the railway. 2) Feb. 1, 1881: the contract of the _ _ was _. 3) 1882: __ miles of railway track laid. | 1) investors, Macdonell 2) CPR syndicate 3) approved |
| 4) 1883: what happened to company money? 5) 1884: Metis ___ of ___ established. 6) 1885: Government calls out ____ __. Louis Riel was in ___ and then ___. ___ ___ breaks out. | 4) decreased 5) Bill of Rights 6) Eastern militia, trial, executed, Northwest Rebellion |
| How did the government betray the first peoples? /3 | never gave them promised materials, starved them to death, unfair threats |
| Main events of Pacific Scandal (3) | Macdonald calls a general election, Hincks proposed idea of creating transcontinental railway, allan created CPR Company, |
| Result of Pacific Scandal | resignation of Macdonald's government in 1873 |
| effect of moving CPR | more control over new town locations and railway, information collected by CP survey irrelevant, Rogers Pass |
| Why was Van Horne crucial in the CPR? /3 | -He was determined, dedicated, and persevered -galvanized the CPR -talented |
| The significance of the American Whiskey Traders | They created several independent trading companies. They were involved in alcohol trade which resulted in malnutrition, disease, and death among many- especially the natives. |
| Andrew Onderdonk | general manager of "government line" |
| When did AB Rogers find Kicking Horse Pass? Location? | 1881, Selkirk mountains |
| This pass was located in the Rockies and was where Major AB Rogers took his survey crew though | Kicking Horse Pass |
| Which is older: The Rockys or the Selkirks | Selkirks |
| stale salmon and rice led to | scurvy |
| tunnel of north yale construction length | 18 months |
| government line location | yale |
| most costly piece of railroad in north america construction location | Fraser Canyon |
| important areas CPR crossed (5) | Fort William, Fort Garry, Regina, Edmonton, Kicking Horse Pass |
| why indian act was introduced | -wanted to conclude treaty process -protected what land natives had left |
| where the last spike was, and who nailed it in | -Cragellachie, Donald Smith |
Created by:
Danica_1234
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