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Archaeology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deep sea cores- global | Oxygen isotope ratios from shells (climate record), dust (deglaciation/glacier coverage, wind, temp, moisture), types of critters (depth, temperature, salinity) |
| Ice cores- global | oxgyen isotope ratios (glacial expansion/contraction), annual layers (exact dates), dust (glacial expanion/contraction, wind), pollen (plants present/absent- climate) |
| Pollen cores | Pollen/Plant types (local, regional, global patterns), Relatively short and hard to date, well preserved in mildly acidic or basic climates |
| Flora- micro | Sampling- column and bulk, very tedious |
| Flora- macro | Fragments of actual plant or seed, reflects presence of particular plant (accidental or intentional) |
| Fauna- micro | Small critters that are not generally human food, good indicators of local climate, major problems- quantification and process of accumulation |
| Fauna- macro | Clearly indicate general climate, poor detail compared to micro, issues: carnivor assembalages, human selection, quantification |
| Trade | movement of material goods, may be for generosity or profit, can be internal or external |
| Exchange | interpersonal contact, spread of technology, language, culture, style |
| Valuables | Exchanged with or for other valuables during transaction, specialized materials (jewelry, shell) |
| Commodities | Exchanged for other commodities of equal value (food, pottery, tools) |
| Reciprocity | An exchange between individuals or groups of equal social status, Giving means that one day you will also be receiving |
| Redistribution | Implies the operation of some central organization, Goods go to center and then are appropriated out, Overcomes geographic diversity |
| Market Exchange | Needs a specific central location for exchange transactions to occur, a “marketplace”, Prices are made through negotiation |
| Potlatch | A potlatch is a gift giving ceremony common in Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Public display of status, privilege, and hospitality, involved an entire household or kin group. |
| NISP | Number of Idenfied SPecimens |
| MNI | Minimum Number of Individuals, Smallest possible number of individual animals that could produce the bone assemblage |
| Arguements for hunting- technology | Points or pointed forms, impact breakage- not documented until neanderthals |
| Arguements for hunting- human modification of bones | cut marks, breagage, embedded points |
| Arguements for hunting- parts | Binford- high (upper limbs, vertibre, pelvis) vs. low value (lower limbs, skull) parts |
| Zinjanthropus | FLK layer 22, ca. 2.1 mya, 1 skull Australopithecus/Paranthropus: 5 feet tall, 100-‐120 lbs, biped |
| Neanderthalensis | Appears ca. 250-200 kya, Disappears ca. 30-25 kya, Middle Paleolithic, associated with mousterian stone tools |
| Neanderthalensis- physical characteristics | – Very heavy musculature – Long bones curved by muscle development – Barrel shaped chest – Relatively short limbs – Short stature, adult male ~ 5’ 5” – Relatively heavy, ~ 180-200 lbs – Classic biological cold adaptations |
| Mousterian culture | • 120-60 kya: Whole carcasses of small mammals, Low value parts of L. mammals, Very rare high value parts • 60-45 kya: Gradual increase in high value parts, Hunting increases |
| Upper Paleolithic | Homo sapiens sapiens: Appears in Eurasia ca. 50-45 kya, Associated with Aurignacian stone tools |
| Middle Paleolithic | Homo sapiens neanderthalensis • Appears ca. 250-200 kya • Disappears ca. 30-25 kya • Associated with Mousterian stone tools |
Created by:
aarstoe
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