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Echo3 midterm lists
Study aids for Echo 3 midterm
| List the following: | Items: |
|---|---|
| 9 Complications of bioprosthetic valves: | o Perivalvular leak o Dehiscence o Degeneration o Regurgitation o Annulus abnormalities o Stenosis o Thrombus o Infective endocarditis o Calcification |
| 12 complications of mechanical valves: | o Perivalvular leak o Dehiscence o Degeneration o Regurgitation o Annulus abnormalities o Stenosis o Thrombus o Infective endocarditis o Calcification o Pannus ingrowth o Mechanical failure • Hemolysis |
| 3 types of tissue which can be used to make bioprosthetic valves: | Dura Mater, Fascia lata, and Bovine pericardium |
| 5 secondary etiologies for PHTN: | 1. Increased resistance of pulmonary venous drainage 2. Increased resistance to vascular flow 3. Increased resistance to pulmonary artery flow 4. Hypoventilation 5. Miscellaneous: |
| 7 causes of Cardiac Iatrogenic Injury: | 1. Heart Catheterization 2. Balloon valvuloplasty 3. Pericardiocentesis 4. Cardiac pacemakers 5. Myocardial biopsy 6. Cardiac surgery 7. CPR |
| 4 Connective Tissue Diseases affecting the heart: | 1. Rheumatoid arthritis 2. Vasculitis (Takayasu’s) 3. Scleroderma 4. Marfan’s syndrome |
| 4 Non-pharmacologic therapies for systemic hypertension: | 1) Weight loss 2) Exercise 3) Reduction in sodium, cholesterol, alcohol, coffee, & tobacco 4) Stress reduction |
| Two life-threatening consequences of Cardiac Trauma: | 1) Excessive hemorrhage or blood loss 2) Cardiac tamponade |
| 3 iatrogenic injuries from Heart Catheterization: | o Perforated coronary arteries o Aortic dissections o Perforation of the cardiac chambers |
| 4 iatrogenic injuries caused by CPR: | 1) Laceration of the heart 2) Rupture of the heart 3) RV papillary muscle rupture or dysfunction 4) Laceration or rupture of great vessels |
| 5 iatrogenic injuries resulting from Cardiac surgery: | 1) Pericardial effusion/tamponade (most common) 2) Adhesions 3) Extracardial blood clots 4) Compression of RV 5) Pseudoaneurysm (mostly from prosthetic valve placement) |
| 7 Signs & Symptoms of PHTN : | 1. Exertional dyspnea 2. Fatigue 3. Dizziness/syncope 4. Chest pain 5. Palpitations 6. Cough/hoarseness 7. Hemoptysis (late in course) |
| 5 Echo Findings – PHTN: | 1. Dilated pulmonary artery 2. RV dilatation 3. Paradoxical septal motion 4. Septal hypertrophy 5. RVH |
| 4 effects of PHTN on PV motion: | 1. Decreased/absent “a-dip” on M-mode 2. Mid-systolic closure on M-mode 3. Prolonged RV peak-to-peak ejection time intervals 4. Premature PV opening with increased RV end diastolic pressure |
| 7 Complications of SYSTEMIC HTN: | 1. Atherosclerotic complications (Angina, MI, acute MI – Most common cause of death for HTN) 2. CHF 3. TIA/CVA 4. Hypertensive renal disease 5. HTN encephalopathy 6. HTN retinopathy 7. AAA/aortic dissection |
| 8 Signs & Symptoms, Systemic HTN: | 1. Asymptomatic 2. Headaches 3. Dizziness/blurred vision 4. Palpitations 5. Sweats/pallor 6. Anxiety 7. Dyspnea 8. Chest pain |
| 7 Echo Findings, Systemic HTN: | 1. LVH w nrml systolic function – Classic finding 2. LVPO w/ nrml cavity size 3. Reduced LVF– end stage 4. Increased LVEDP → atrial HTN → ↑ resistance to pulmonary venous drainage 5. Aortic root dilatation 6. LAE d/t MR/MAC 7. PE |
| 3 Types of Cardiac Trauma: | 1. Non-penetrating/blunt 2. Penetrating 3. Iatrogenic (surgical accident) |
| Non-penetrating chest trauma (Blunt Trauma) Accounts for___% of all traumatic deaths annually in the u.s. | 25% |
| 6 Echo Findings, Blunt Trauma: | 1. Increased wall thickness at end-diastole (swelling) 2. Regional wall motion abnormalities 3. Increased echogenicity 4. Chamber enlargement 5. Mural thrombus 6. Pericardial effusion |
| 4 Complications, Blunt Trauma: | 1. Pericardial effusion (most common) usually bloody 2. Cardiac Tamponade quick or late onset 3. Long-term complication → constrictive pericarditis 4. Cardiac contusion (bruised myocardium) |
| 4 Systemic Diseases affecting the heart: | 1) Diabetes Mellitus 2) Hypothyroidism 3) Hyperthyroidism 4) Parathyroid disease |
| 4 Pharmacologic therapies for systemic HTN: | 1) Diuretics (1st drug of choice) 2) Beta blockers 3) ACE inhibitors 4) Calcium channel blockers |
| 3 types of Bioprosthetic valves: | 1) Auto-graft 2) Homograft 3) Heterograft |
| 3 types of Mechanical valves: | 1) Ball and Cage 2) Tilting Disc 3) Bileaflet Tilting disc. |
Created by:
lefut
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