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Respiratio
respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| respiration | exchange of gasses, air to blood to tissues |
| external respiration | exchange of gasses between air and blood occurring in lungs by pulmonary capillaries |
| internal respiration | exchange of gasses between blood and tissues occurring everywhere in body by systemic capillaries |
| ventilation | the guiding of air in and out of airways, does not include going into lungs |
| structures of respiratory system | conduction zone and respiratory zone |
| function of the conduction zone | ventilation |
| conduction zone structure includes | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
| what occurs to air in conduction zone | air is warmed up, humidified, and filtered |
| function of the respiration zone | gas exchange (respiration) |
| respiratory zone structure includes | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli |
| air displacement is only possible in the presence of a __________ in ________ between air in the __________ and _________ | difference pressure atmosphere lungs |
| changes in pressure result from changes in __________ of the _______ ______ | volume thoracic cage |
| an increase in volume of the thoracic cage equals a _________ of pressure in lungs | decrease |
| a decrease in volume of the thoracic cage equals an _________ of pressure in lungs | increase |
| changes in volume of the thoracic cage are mostly due to the _________ | diaphram |
| during inhalation the diaphram _______ lung volume _________ lung air pressure _________ | contracts increases decreases |
| during exhalation the diaphram _______ lung volume ________ lung air pressure __________ | relaxes decreases increases |
| accessory muscles for inhalation (thoracic cage expansion) | external intercostals, SCOM, scalenes, pectoralis minor |
| accessory muscles for exhalation (thoracic cage retraction) | internal intercostals, rectus abdominalis, obliquus abdominalis |
| functions of the nose | cilia trap mucus and particles, air is humidified and warmed, part of air goes into sinuses, balances pressure of medial ear and throat |
| pharynx | muscular wall forming the throat, crossway between food water and air, hosts tonsils (control entry) |
| larynx | aka voicebox. short passageway between pharynx and trachea, composed of cartilage rings attached by connective tissue, is always open, houses the epiglotis |
| epiglotis | elastic cartilage located in larynx responsible for opening and closing it's passageway re-routing food and liquids into esophagus |
| trachea | aka windpipe. c-shaped cartilage rings united by connective tissue, always open to allow for easy passageway |
| bronchii | the right and left divisions of the trachea, divide into many, smallest are called bronchioles, walls composed of smooth muscle tissue, internal diameter adapts according to respiratory needs |
| respiratory bronchii | bronchioles ending in alveolar ducts |
| alveolar ducts | tubes connecting respiratory bronchii to alveoli |
| pulmonary alveoli | small balloons at the end of each alveolar duct, one-layer epithelial tissue lying over elastic connective tissue, covered by pulmonary capillaries |
| factors affecting pulmonary ventilation | pulmonary compliance and airway resistance |
| pulmonary compliance | capacity of the lungs to stretch or expand, increased by elastic fibers in pulmonary walls of the lungs and surfactant in pulmonary alveoli |
| surfactant | fluid responsible for preventing alveoli collapse |
| airway resistance | determined by inner diameter of airways (larger diameter = decreased resistance = increase in volume of air reaching lungs)) |
| factors increasing airway resistance | accumulation of mucus in bronchi and bronchioles, smooth muscle spasms in bronchus and bronchiole walls |
| factors reducing pulmonary compliance | adhesions and fibrosis in lung tissue decreasing suppleness and elasticity of alveoli |
| conduction zone | structure for ventilation, a series of interconnected tubes and cavities forming a passageway for air during inhalation and exhalation (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles) |
| respiratory system is responsible for : | providing oxygen to the body to produce energy (ATP), excreting wastes (carbon dioxide) |
| result of accumulation of CO2 | acidification of blood |
| at rest a body needs _______ oxygen, so smooth muscle cells in the bronchi and bronchiole walls ________ | less, contract |
| promotes the contraction of smooth muscle cells when oxygen needs are reduced | stimulation of the parasympathetic ANS |
| physiological effects of massage on respiratory system | slow down and deepen respiratory rate = more oxygen to lungs, bring suppleness to thoracic cage and accessory muscles = more expansion = larger volume of air and increase range of motion, promote vasodilation = better diffusion of oxygen in body |
| bronchitis | inflamation of bronchi, acute = no massage chronic = relative CI massage focus to increase thoracic cage range of motion |
| asthma | inflamation and bronchoconstriction (smooth muscle spasms), adapt massage to client comfort (laying on side) |
| emphysema | destruction of elastic fibers of alveolar walls and chronic inflamation of organs in respiratory zone |
| cystic fibrosis | disease, accumulation of thisck mucus and inflamation of airways and alveoli *promote relaxation, light percussions, vibrations, raking, petrissage and foulage |
| pneumonia | acute bacterial infection of alveoli ***ABSOLUTE CI !!!! |
| center for regulation of respiration | brain stem in CNS |
| the diaphram is control by the ________ nerve which is located in the _________ plexus | phrenic, cervical |
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