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Ancient Greece-Mr. B
Ancient Greece - Mr. B - SS -Trimester 1
| Vocabulary | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mediterranean | The largest sea that seperates Europe and Africa. |
| Gulf of Corinth | Narrow body of water to the west of the Isthmus of Corinth, that separates northern Greece from the Peloponnesus (southern peninsula) |
| Aegean Sea | Sea to the east, between Greece and Asia Minor |
| Ionian Sea | Sea located between southern Greece and Italy to the west. |
| Adriatic Seas | Sea located between northern Greece and Italy to the west. |
| Mt.Olympus (Olympic Mountains) | Highest peak in Greece. Mythical home of the Olympic gods. |
| Peloponnesus | Large peninsula that forms the southern part of Greece |
| Knossos | Ancient capital of the Minoan culture on the Aegean island of Crete |
| Minoans | Advanced seafaring and trading civilization based on the island of Crete in the southern Aegean Sea. |
| Thera (Santorini) | Volcanic island in the Aegean believed by some to have been the site of the legendary lost civilization of Atlantis |
| Crete | Large island located in the southern Aegean Sea, where the Minoan civilization flourished |
| Trojan War | Legendary 10-year war fought between the Greeks, led by King Agamemnon of Sparta, and the city-state of Troy, a rich city-state on the coast of Asia Minor. (Present day Turkey) |
| Iliad | Homer's epic story of the Trojan War |
| Troy | A legendary rich trading city-state which was located in Asia Minor on the coast of present -day Turkey |
| Heinrich Schliemann | German archaeologist who was said to have discovered the ruins of Troy on the coast of Turkey, and the golden "King Priam's Treasure" in 1873, using Homer's Iliad as a guide. |
| city-state | an independent city with its own traditions, government, and laws |
| democracy | a form of government in which the people govern themselves. One person=1 vote. Only Athenian men could vote. |
| Mycenae | a powerful, military Greek city-state known for its Lions' Gate. They conquered the Minoans. The ruins of the city were discovered by German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann. |
| Asia Minor | A peninsula in western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; the site of present-day eastern Turkey. |
| Hellas | Name for Greece in Greek |
| Hellespont | ancient Greek name for the Dardanelles, the narrow strait separating Europe and Asia at the northern tip of the Aegean Sea. |
| Sea of Marmara | Sea located between the Dardanelles Strait and the Bosporus Strait |
| the Bosporus | Strait located at the northern end of the Sea of Marmara and leading to the Black Sea |
| Black Sea | Inland sea in SW Eurasia (present day southern Ukraine and Russia) |
| Styx River | The Styx was the principal river of the underworld, which had to be crossed to pass to the regions of the dead, called Hades (Hell). |
| Sicily | Large island located off the tip of the Italian peninsula. Both the Spartans and the Athenians fought for control of Sicily because of it's strategic location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea which made it an important location for trade |
| Syracuse (Siracusa) | Located near SE coast of Sicily it is built on an ancient Greek settlement founded by Corinthians in 734 BC. It was the most important city in Magna Graecia (Greater Greece), and for a time rivaled Athens as the most important city of the Greek world |
| proximity | Related to relative location, it is how near or close a thing or place is to another. (ex: Coventry is proximite to West Warwick) |
| Cultural diffusion | The spreading of ideas, language, religion, or products from one culture to another. Direct diffusion of culture occurs when two distinct cultures are very close together (proximity). Occurred through trade, intermarriage, and sometimes warfare. |
| The Parthenon | Famous temple of the goddess Athena located on the Acroplis in Athens. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. |
| Caryatids | Famous architectural columns sculpted to look like female figures on the Erechtheum temple located on the Acropolis. |
| Athens | Greek city-state where democracy was founded. Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian Wars. Capital of modern Greece. |
| Sparta | City-state in ancient Greece known for its warrior culture. Defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War. |
| Dark Ages of Greece | Period between (1200 BC–800 BC)marked by a widespread collapse in population (possibly due to disease) before the rise of the city-states such as Athens. Also called the Homeric Age |
| "Golden Age" | Period from 479b.c.-431b.c. when Athens grew rich and powerful from trade and silver; and made amazing achievements in the arts, literature, philosophy, architecture, and government. Democracy was founded during this period. |
| Thebes | Ancient Greek city-state. Home of the tragic Greek hero Oedipus. Thebes revolted against Macedonian rule and was conquered by Alexander the Great. |
| xiphos | Traditional short bronze Greek sword |
| Hoplon | heavy bronze shield |
| Hoplites | Heavily armored Greek infantry soldiers |
| Leonidas | King who led the 300 Spartans against overwhelming Persian forces at battle of Thermopylae |
| Xerxes | Persian king who tried to invade Greece |
| Thermopylae | Legendary battle where 300 vastly outnumbered Spartans sacrificed themselves holding off invading Persian forces |
| Marathon | Great Athenian victory over the Persians in 490 B.C. The 26 mile race is named for this victory. |
| Themistocles | Athenian admiral who destroyed the Persian navy at the Artemesian Straits and Salamis |
| Salamis | Great Greek naval victory over the Persians |
| Oracle at Delphi | The most important shrine in all of ancient Greece. Built around a sacred spring, Delphi was considered to be the omphalos - the center (literally navel) of the world. The high priestess would go into a trance and make predictions. |
| King Philip | king of Macedonia and father of Alexander |
| Alexander | King of Macedonia, known as "the Great"; he conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded India before his death at age 28. He spread Greek culture or Hellensim. |
| Gaugamela | Famous Greek victory where Alexander the Great destroyed King Darius' much larger Persian army |
| Darius | King of Persian Empire who was defeated by Alexander |
| Persepolis | capital city of ancient Persian Empire |
| Helen | Called the most beautiful woman in the world. She was the wife of Greek king Agamemnon, but ran away with Prince Paris, startting the Trojan War |
| agora | a public market or meeting placein an ancient Greek city |
| tyranny | government ruled by a leader who came to power through force, but initially with the support of the people |
| oligarchy | government ruled by a small, powerful group of people |
| monarchy | government ruled by a king |
| acropolis | a high, rocky hill on or near which early Greeks built their cities; the most famous is in Athens |
| Parthenon | The temple of the Greek goddess Athena located on the Acropolis in Athens; one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World |
| trireme | Greek warship with a bronze ram and 3 rows of oarsmen |
| sirisa | 18 -ft. long spear used by the Macedonians in their phalanx |
| phalanx | an ancient Greek and Macedonian rectangular battle formation of hoplites (heavily armed soldiers) presenting long spears from behind a wall of overlapping shields. For centuries, the Macedonian Phalanx was the most feared and efficient military tactic. |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; he taught logic, science, politics and poetry. He taught the world was made up of 4 elements: earth, wind, water, and fire. |
| Plato | Greek philosopher who wrote about political philosophy in "The Republic"; Student of Socrates and Aristotle's teacher. |
| Socrates | Father of Greek philosophy who taught through questioning. |
| drama | a literary work, such as a play, that tells a story and is performed by actors |
| comedy | style of theater perfected by the Greeks |
| plague | a widespread contagious disease |
| Pericles | Athenian leader and politician during the Golden Age who played a major role in the development of democracy |
| Alexandria | ancient city and center of learning in Hellenic Egypt |
| Bucephakus | Alexander's legendary war horse |
| Zeus | King of the Greek gods; he defeated his father Kronos and the Titans. Zeus lived on Mt. Olympus. God of the sky, lightning, thunder; symbol = lightning bolt |
| Herodotus | Greek writer and historian who traveled throughout the ancient world |
| Solon | Athenian statesman and politician |
| Hellenism | The spread of Greek culture after the death of Alexander the Great |
| Odyssey | The epic written by Homer describing the adventures of Greek hero Odysseus after the Trojan War |
| Trojan War | a 10-yr war described in Homer's epic "The Iliad" |
| trireme | Swift warship designed by the ancient Greeks, which featured 3 rows of oarsmen and a bronze battering ram |
| democracy | a form of government where citizens govern themselves |
| epic | a long poem that tells a story |
| peninsula | a body of land with water on three sides |
| dory | Spartan spear (6'9" long) |
| helots | name given to Spartan slaves |
| Archimedes | Greek inventor and mathematician; invented the formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere |
| Aristarchus | Greek astronomer who was the first to theorize that the Earth orbited the Sun |
| Democritus | Greek philosopher who developed the radical theory that the universe is made up of atoms. |
| Eratosthenes | Greek scholar who headed the Library of Alexandria; astronomer who calculated the circumference of the Earth |
| Euclid | Mathematician known for his book "The Elements", about geometry |
| Homer | Blind Greek poet who is credited with writing the epics the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" |
| Thales | Greek philosopher; first recorded Western philosopher |
| isthmus | a narrow body of land with water on two sides that connects two larger bodies of land |
| playwright | a person who writes plays and dramas; also called a dramatist |
| tribute | a payment made by a less powerful state or nation to a more powerful one, usually for protection |
| tyrant | a ruler who takes power with the support of the middle and working class; not necessarily cruel and violent |
| Aeschylus | Playwright considered the father of Greek tragedy |
| Sophocles | the most popular playwright during Greek times |
| Euripides | The last of the great Greek tragedy writers, known for having strong women characters and intelligent slaves. |
| Aristophanes | Known as the father of Greek comedy |
| Aesop | Known for writing fables with both talking animals as well as teaching a moral. |
| Pindar | the greatest of Ancient Greece's lyric poets |
| Thucydides | great Greek historian who was known for the exact science of his research, he wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta. |
| Hippocrates | a scientist; considered the father of medicine |
| Pythagoras | A scientist and philosopher, he came up with the Pythagorean Theorem still used today in much of geometry. |
| Demosthenes | Considered the greatest orator (speech giver) of Greek times. |
| Hera | Goddess and wife of Zeus; patroness of women, marriage, and childbirth |
| Apollo | God of music, poetry, light and medicine; symbol is the lyre |
| Poseidon | God of the sea, earthquakes and horses; symbol is the trident |
| Artemis | Goddess of the hunt, nature, and the moon |
| Athena | Goddess of wisdom, courage and crafts; patron of Athens; symbols are serpent, owl, spear and shield |
| Hermes | Messenger of the gods; god of travel, sports and shepherds; symbols: winged helmet and sandals |
| Hephaestus | God of fire, blacksmiths and volcanoes; symbols = hammer and anvil |
| Ares | God of war and violence; symbols are spear, helmet and boar |
| Aphrodite | Goddess of love and beauty; symbols are swan, apple, mirror and scallop shell |
| Demeter | Goddess of the harvest, grain and fertility; symbols are wheat and tehecornucopia |
| Hestia | Goddess of home, hearth and health; symbols are hearth, kettle and fire |
| Dionysus | God of wine, theater and fertility; symbols are grapvine and drinking goblet |
| Hades | God of the Underworld, death and riches; symbols are scepter and Cerberus, the 3-headed dog that guards the entrance to the Underworld |
| Heracles (Hercules) | Greek demi-god known for his incredible strength |
| Achilles | Greatest warrior of Greek mythology who killed Prince Hector during the Trojan War. He was invincible in battle except for his heel. |
| Hector | Trojan prince who fell in love with Helen and took her back to Troy, launching the Trojan War |
| Menelaus | King of Sparta and Helen's husband |
| Priam | King of Troy |
| Perseus | One of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology; he killed the snake-headed Gorgon, Medusa. |
| archipelago | a chain of islands |
| the immortals | Elite Persian troops |
| Persian Empire | Largest in world history until the Roman Empire, stretching from Asia Minor and Egypt in the west, to India in the east. |
| Pan | Greek god of the wild, hunting and companion of the nymphs. He was depicted as being half human, while having the legs and horns of a goat, |
| Doric | One of the 3 orders or styles of Greek columns; straight and very simple with no ornamentation at the top and no base pedestal |
| Ionic | One of the 3 orders or styles of Greek columns; tall, with a pedestal and scrolled top |
| Corinthian | The fanciest of the 3 orders or styles of Greek columns; featured carved flowers and vines at the top |
| Thebes | Greek city-state conquered by King Philip of Macedonia, and later his son Alexander crushed a rebellion |
| Dardanelles Strait | Modern day name for the Hellespont; narrow body of water connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea |
| xenophobia | fear of outsiders |
| lyre | a small hand-held harp-like musical instrument |
| ode | a poem usually recited to lyre music |
| Colossus of Rhodes | One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was a massive statue of a male figure built around 280 B.C. and erected at the entrance to the harbor of the island of Rhodes; Over 100 feet tall. |
| Golden Age | period of Athens' and ancient Greece's greatest achievements in architecture, science, and the arts |
| Paris | Trojan prince who kidnaps the beautiful Helen, the wife of King Menelaus from Sparta and brings her to Troy starting the Trojan War. |
| Dark Ages of Greece | Period between the collapse of the city-state of Mycenae (around 1100 B.C. ) and 800 B.C when war, famine and disease ravaged Greece. |
| barbarians | wild, uncivilized people; from the Greek word for beard |
| Delian League | an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule |
| blockade | to shut off an enemy by land and sea to starve them into submission |
| maritime trade | trade by sea |
| merchant | one who trades goods for profit |
| assassinate | to murder a political leader |
| Bronze Age | the time period when people made tools from an alloy (a mixture of metals) called bronze, a mixture of mainly copper and tin to make weapons and tools. |
| Prometheus | a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of humanity and its greatest benefactor, who stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave it to humankind.; and was punished by Zeus. |
| amphora | tall, terra cotta pottery jar used to transport wine, water and olive oil. |
| Sir Arthur Evans | British archaeologist who discovered the Minoan culture at Knossos on Crete |
| labyrinth | a vast underground maze built under the place at Knossos in Crete by Daedalus, at the command of King Minos, to house the Minotaur. |
| pantheon | a collection of all the gods of a people, culture or religion |
| syntagmata | massive Macedonian phalanx consisting of 256 men each (16 men across x 16 men deep) |
| kopis | short sword with a heavy, curved edge |
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