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BIO201-Ch5-Integ-sys
BIO201 - Ch 5 - Integumentary System - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin is composed of 2 regions. | Epidermis & dermis. |
| The __ is composed of epithelial cells & is outermost shield of body. | Epidermis. |
| The __ makes up the bulk of skin. | Dermis. |
| The dermis is made up of __. | Fibrous connective tissue. |
| Vascularized layer of skin. | Dermis layer |
| How do nutrients reach the epidermis? | Diffusing through tissue fluid from blood vessels in dermis. |
| Subcutaneous tissue just deep to skin. | Hypodermis layer. |
| Is not really part of skin but shares in protective functions. | Hypodermis |
| Another name for the hypodermis is __. | Superficial fascia |
| The superficial fascia (hypodermis) is __. | Superficial to connective tissue wrapping (fascia) of skeletal muscles. |
| They hypodermis layer contains __ tissue. | Adipose tissue. |
| The role of the hypodermis is? | Anchors skin to muscles, but is loose enough to slide. |
| The fatty composition of the hypodermis acts as __ & __. | Shock absorber & insulator. |
| Which layer thickens when we gain weight? | Hypodermis because of adipose tissue there. |
| The epidermis layer is made of __. | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| The epidermis has __ cell types and __ to __ distinct layers. | 4 cell types & 4-5 layers. |
| Most epidermal cells are __. | Keratinocytes. |
| Keratin | Helps give epidermis its protective properties. |
| Keratinocytes | Produce keratin & are tightly connected. |
| 4 Types of cells in epidermis are __. | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel, & Langerhans' Cells. |
| Keratinocytes arise in the deepest epidermis called __. | Stratum basale. |
| Keratinocytes undergo almost continuous __. | Mitosis |
| We have a new epideris every __ days. | 25-45 days. |
| Melanocytes | Spider-shaped epithelial cells - make melanin. |
| Melanocytes are found __. | In deepest layer of epidermis. |
| Melanin accumulates in __. | Melanosomes. |
| Melanosomes | Membrane-bound granules that store melanin. |
| Melanin is taken up by __. | Keratinocytes |
| Langerhans' cells | Star-shaped phagocytes - help in immune sys - form network. |
| Merkel cells | Associated w/merkel disk & nerve endings. |
| Merkel disk | Sensory receptor for touch. |
| Langerhans' cells - aka __. | Epidermal dendric cells. |
| Thick skin has __ layers. | 5 |
| Which layer is absent in "thin" skin? | Stratum Lucidum |
| Name the 5 skin layers acronym. | "Children Love Grammy's Special Brownies!" |
| Skin layers from top to bottom are __? | Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale. |
| Which skin layer is known as the "horny layer"? | Stratum Corneum |
| Stratum Corneum | 3/4 of epidermal thickness - Keratin - Glycolipids waterproof the layer. |
| Which skin layer is waterproofed by glycolipids? | Stratum Corneum. |
| Stratum Lucidum | "Clear Layer" - flat dead keratinocytes - parallel arrays of keratin filaments. |
| Which layer of epidermis is called the "clear layer"? | Stratum Lucidum because of the the clear, flat, dead, keratinocytes. |
| What granules are found in the Granulosum layer? | Keratohyaline & lamellated granules. |
| Above which layer are cells unable to receive nutrition? | Stratum Granulosum |
| Where will you find clear dead keratinocytes? | In the Stratum Lucidum. |
| Stratum Spinosum | "Prickly Layer" - web-like intermediate filaments abundant in this level. |
| Langerhans' cells are abundant in the __ layer. | The Stratum Spinosum. |
| Stratum Basale | "Basal layers" - Deepest - attached to dermis - "stratum germinativum. |
| Which epidermal layer has rapid division of keratinocytes? | Stratum Basale/Stratum germinativum. |
| Keratohyaline Granules | Help form keratin in upper layers. |
| Lamellated Granules | "Plated" - contain waterproofing glycolipid. |
| Above which layer are epidermal cells not nurished? | Granulosum Layer |
| Which cells are joined by desmosomes? | Keratinocytes |
| Which layer has miotic stem cells? | Basale Layer |
| Which skin region is called our "hide"? | Dermis. |
| Dermis Layer | Lower skin region - flexible connective tissue - innervated & vascularized. |
| Name the two dermis layers. | Papillary (superficial) & reticular (deeper) layer. |
| Papillary Layer | Thin areolar conn. tissue - "peglike" projections. |
| Papill | "Nipple". |
| Dermal Papillae contain __. | Capillary loops, nerve endings, & messner's corpuscles. |
| Dermal Ridges | Mounds of dermal tissue on which papillae lie. |
| Epidermal Ridges | Lie atop dermal ridges & enhance gripping ability. |
| Where do you find epidermal ridges? | Fingers & feet. |
| Fingerprints are caused by? | Films of sweat secreted along epidermal ridges. |
| Reticular Layer | 80% of dermis - deep - dense irregular conn. tiss. - Nurished by cutaneous plexus. |
| Cleavage/Tension Lines | Less dense regions in dermis - lines that run longitudinally in skin. |
| Flexure Lines | Dermal folds near or at joints. |
| Striae | Stretch marks - "Streaks" |
| 3 Pigments that give skin its color are? | Melanin, carotene, & hemoglobin. |
| Melanin | Polymer of tyrosine amino acids. |
| Ultraviolet radiation destroys __ stores. | Folate - needed for DNA synthesis. |
| Carotene | Yellow/orange pigment - accumulates in corneum. |
| Cyanosis | Turning blue from lack of oxygen. |
| Erythema indicates? | "Turning red" - fever, hypertension, inflammation or allergy. |
| Pallor/blanching indicates? | Fear, anemia, low blood pressure. |
| Bronzing indicates? | Hypofunction of adrenal cortex. |
| Hematomoas | Clotted blood masses. |
| What must form before a skin appendage can grow? | Epithelial bud |
| What stimulates epithelial bud growth? | Reduced production of cadherin - breaks cell connections. |
| Sudoriferous Gland | Sweat gland - 3 million. |
| 2 kinds of sweat glands are? | Eccrine & apocrine |
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | "Merocrine" - Simple, coiled, tubular gland - opens to a pore. |
| Sweat is? | Hypotonic filtrate of blood released by exocytosis. 99% h2O. |
| Dermicidin | Microbe-killing peptide in sweat. |
| pH of sweat? | Acidic - 4-5 |
| Sweating is regulated by? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Misnomer - actually secretes by exocytosis - In axillary & genital - body odor. |
| What glands cause body odor? | Apocrine Sweat Glands |
| Ceruminous Glands | Earwax - Cerumen secretions. |
| Sebuceous Gland | Oil gland - simple, branched, alveolar, holcrine. |
| The secretion of sebum is stimulated by __. | Sex Hormones - androgens |
| Seborrhea | "Cradel Cap" |
| Pili | Hair - hard keratin - keratinized |
| Red hair is colored by __. | Iron-containing pigment trichosiderin. |
| Arrector Pili | Smooth muscle cells around hair follicle - makes goose bumps |
| 2 types of hair are? | Vellus & terminal hair |
| Vellus Hair | Fine - body hair |
| Terminal Hair | Coarser, longer hair - pubic, axillary - response to sex hormones. |
| Alopecia | Baldness |
| Hirsutism | Excessive hormones |
| Nail Matrix | Responsible for nail growth. |
| Skin's 3 types of barriers. | Chemical, physical & melanin |
| Acid mantle | Low pH of skin that retards bacterial multiplication. |
| Human defensin | Natural antibiotics secreted by skin - punches holes in bacteria. |
| Cathelicidins | Protective peptide secreted by wounded skin - good against Strep-A |
| Physical/Mechanical Barriers | Provided by continuity of skin, harness of keratinized cells, & glycolipids. |
| Biological Barriers | Langerhans' cells in epidermis, macrophages in dermis, & DNA. |
| How does DNA protect the body? | Electrons in DNA absorb UV radiation & turn it into heat. |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Most common skin cancer - 99% curable w/surgery. |
| Cutaneous Sensory Receptors | Exteroceptors - Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel discs, & Pacinian. |
| Metaboloic Functions of Skin | Synthesizes Vit. D, disarm cancer chemicals, activate steroid hormones. |
| Fas | Protein that causes cell suicide. |
| "ABCD" for Melanoma Recognition | "A"ssymetry, "B"order irregularity, "C"olor, "D"iameter. |
| "Rule of 9's" | Divides body into 11 areas - each 9% total plus 1% genital. |
| Partial-Thickness Burns | 1st & 2nd Degree Burns |
| Full-Thickness Burns | 3rd Degree Burns - Entire skin layers burned. |
| Eschar | Burned Skin. |
| Burns are considered critical when? | 1. Over 25% are 2nd degree, 2) Over 10% are 3rd degree & 3) Facial, hands/feet have 3rd degree. |
| Epidermis, dermis & hypodermis derrived from? | Mesoderm |
| Lanugo Coat | Furry coat on fetus. |
| Vernix Caseosa | Cheesy-like coating on newborn. |
| Matrix Metalloproteinases | Enzymes that degrade collagen. |
| Decubitus Ulcer | Localized ulceration of skin due to lack of blood supply. |
| Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) | Hereditary disorders of keratin, collagen, or basement membrane - lack of cohesion between skin & mucosa. "Touch-me-nots". |
| Impetigo | Raised lesions around mouth & nose - staph infection. |
| Mongolian Spot | Blue-black spot in sacral region. |
| Porphyria | Alergic to sun - Lesions form - gums degerate & teeth prominent - vampire tales? |
| Sensations of touch & pressure picked up in which layer? | Dermis |
| Skin surface markings that reflect tight dermal attachments are? | Flexure Lines |
| The most dangerous skin cancer affects __ cells. | Melanocytes |
| The outtermost sheath of hair follicles are __. | Connective Root Sheath |
| The __ sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. | Apocrine |
| The destruction of the matrix of a hair bulb would result in its ability to __. | Grow hair |
| __ Must be activiated in the skin to enhance calcium metabolism. | Vitamin D |
| Bedsores are called __. | Decubitus ulcers |
| Addison Disease | Bronzing of skin - adrenal cortex is hypoactive. |
| Portion of hair w/in follicle is __. | Root |
| Epithelial Membrane | Simple organ - epithelial sheet bound to connective tissue proper. |
| __ membranes line closed ventral cavity of body. | Serous membranes |
| 3 examples of serous membranes. | Peritoneums, pericardia & plurae |
| Mucus membranes are comprised of __. | Epithelial cells resting on a layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria). |
| __ line all cavities that open to the body exterior. | Mucosa |
| In most cases, mucosa are "__" membranes. | "Wet" |
| Serous membranes are also __ membranes. | Epithelial |
| In serous membranes the __ layer lines a body cavity. | Parietal layer |
| In serous membranes __ layer covers the outside of the organs in a cavity. | Visceral |
| __ membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. | Serous |
| Which serous membranes open to the exterior? | Female peritoneal cavity & dorsal body cavity |
| __ membranes line interior of blood vessels & the heart. | Serous |
| The entire wall of capillaries are composed of __. | Serosa |
| __ membranes are composed entirely of connective tissue. | Synovial |
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Ladystorm
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