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WHAP Unit 1, 2 terms
WHAP Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community |
| Dhimmi | "the people of the book," Jews, Christians, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus |
| Jihad | Islamis holy war |
| Jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamis lands |
| Kaaba | revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship |
| Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Al |
| Makkah | Arabian commercial center; dominated by Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam |
| Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam |
| Quran | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam |
| Ridda | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam |
| Shi'ite | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam |
| Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads |
| Umma | community of the faithful within Islam |
| Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids |
| Zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims |
| al-Biruni | 11th century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals |
| al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions |
| al-Razi | classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral |
| Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans through Abbasid figureheads |
| Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1229 |
| Demak | most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions |
| Ibn Khaldun | Great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; south to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history |
| Kabir | 15th century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam |
| Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya |
| Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph |
| Saladin | 12th century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the Crusader kingdoms |
| Sati | Hindu ritual for burning widows with their deceased husbands |
| Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids |
| Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions |
| Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking |
| Almohads | a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain |
| Almoravids | a puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain |
| Benin | Nigerian city-stated formed by the Edo people during the fourteenth century; famous for its bronze art work |
| Demographic Transition | the change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world" |
| Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa |
| Griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings |
| Ibn Battuta | Muslim traveler who described African societies and cultures |
| Juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali empire and West Africa |
| Mwene Mutapa | ruler of Great Zimbabwe; controlled a large territory reaching to the Indian Ocean |
| Nok | central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E. |
| Sahel | the extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests to the south and North Africa |
| Stateless Societies | societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states |
| Sudanic States | states trading to North Africa and mixing Islamic indigenous ways |
| Timbuktu | Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university |
| Yoruba | highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturists organizes into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts |
| Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life |
| Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts |
| Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic |
| Hagia Sophia | great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian |
| Icons | images of religious figured venerated by Byzantine Christians |
| Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration |
| Justinian | 6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law |
| Kiev | commerical city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century |
| Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory |
| Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact |
| Vladimir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christiantiy |
| Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of god |
| Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany ca 800 |
| Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 |
| Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity ca. 496 |
| Feudalism | relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service |
| Gothic | an architectural style developed during the middle ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls |
| Gregory VII | 11th century pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops |
| Guilds | assc. of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stress security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discourage innovations; often established franchise within cities |
| Hanseatic league | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of est. a commercial alliance |
| Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy |
| Manorialism | system of econ. and polit. relations bt. landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land |
| Pope Urban II | called 1st Crusade in 1095; appeal to Christians to free Holy Land from Muslim control |
| Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because its base in schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems |
| Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty |
| William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England |
| Calpulli | clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors |
| Chinampas | beds of aquatic weeds, mud, earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs |
| Curacas | local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty |
| Huayna Capac | Inca ruler (1493-1527); brought the empire to its greatest extent |
| Inca socialism | an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole |
| Mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential part of Inca control |
| Mitmac | Inca colonists in new regions; could be Quechua speakers used to pacify new conquest or conquered population moved to new homes |
| Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1428-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of an Inca empire |
| Pipiltin | nobility in Aztec society; formed by intermarriage of Aztecs with peoples tracing lineage back to the Toltecs |
| Pochteca | merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items |
| Quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other typed of info for censuses and financial records |
| Split Inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy |
| Tambos | way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages |
| Tenochtitlan | founded ca 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power |
| Toltecs | nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; est. capital at Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice |
Created by:
karebear45
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