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Intro to Religion
Religion Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Introduction - The nature of religion (handout) | Etymology- (latin-religio) root meaning to tie or bind - focuses on ultimacy; addresses concerns; involes experience; meditates relationship |
| The essential features of religion (handout) | belief in a higher order |
| Goethe and Muller quote | He that knows one, knows none Goethe(languages); Muller(religions) |
| Ecclesiastical vs. academic study | Eccl - pertaining to a sectarrian assembly; study-confessional, kerygmatic, catechetical |
| Multidisciplinary / comprehensive / objective | religion study at an academy /university |
| Bracketing | the acedimic study of religion of personal faith claims |
| Paul Tillich | A theologian that observes that religion deals with matter of ultimate concern. |
| William James | proposed that religion consist of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves thereto. |
| 3 types of definitions of religion | Substance- defines truth; Functional- how it works; formal- how appears |
| Homo-religiosis | humans are riligion by nature- to fullfill psychological and socialogical needs. |
| Theories of the origin of religion | TAYLOR, Amimism; FRAZER, Magic; MULLER,Nature-Worship; SCHMIDT, Monotheism; FEUERBACH, Ideal Humanity; MARX, Opiate of the masses; FREUD, Guilty Neurosis |
| Basic Religions - Features of Basic Religions | Animism, Magic, Divination, Taboo, Totem, Sacrifice, Myth, Rituals, Rites of Passage, Ancestor Veneration |
| Prehistoric burial rituals | rites of passage - the sign that a person is passing from one stage of life to another. serve them in their next life |
| Venus figurines | is an umbrella term for a number of prehistoric statues of women sharing common conection with fertility worship. |
| Primal and Archaic Religious Societies - Primal religion/society | BOTTOM |
| The Agricultural Revolution | the move from primal to archaic culture |
| Cosmological religion | cosmo=universe, world - based on the natural world, on the universe as perceived |
| Cyclical time & annual festivals | annual fest. celeb. the new year, chang seasons, seedtime & harvest, equinoxes & solstics, new moons - to recognize cycle of time |
| The Axial Age - Transcendental / supernatural / anthropological | 800-200 BCE - Trans-going beyond the natural or conceivable. Sup-beyond the natural world order. Ant-redifining the human beyond the social role or natural aspect. |
| Changing views on God and/or ultimate reality | are beyond the perceivable universe, the quest to find harmony with the ultimate involves human effort to transcend the natural boundries of this reality in some sense. |
| Changing views on the human / human soul | ongoing story of the development n fulfillinh of the devine purpose. |
| Blending of transcendental and cosmological | ideas of the ultimate |
| Linear time and sacred history | Sac- there exist a purpose or plan that transend the cycle of the natural wrld & human lives. Lin-from start(creation) to present |
| Hinduism - Pre-Aryan archaic Indus Valley civilizations | of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro - 1750 BC |
| Proto-Shiva, Shiva-Shakti, lingam and yoni | fertility gods |
| Aryans & Vedic religion | 1750-1200BC - religion of the Brahmins/ vedas/ Caste system |
| Vedas | oldest sacred books of hinduism |
| Ancient Vedic gods | Indra, Agni, Varuna, Yama, Soma, Dyaus Pitr, Rudra, Vishnu |
| Ancient Vedic ritual focus | proper ways to perform their sacrifies |
| Upanishadic period | Axial age and later |
| Upanishads (important Axial Age concepts) | the nature of god n man, the soul n god, mans role in the wrold n how they relate, the poupose of existance n true salvation |
| Atman, Brahman, & Atman-Brahman | A&B- Monistic philosophy in Upanishads; Atman-the soul; Brahman- The ultimate soul |
| Monism in Hinduism | any philosophical view which holds that there is unity in a given field of inquiry |
| Samsara | the wheel of rebirth |
| Karma | the cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth |
| Dharma | social responsibility |
| Moksha | breaking free from cycle of life |
| Maya | illusion |
| Avidya | ignorance |
| Four varnas (castes) & untouchables | Brahmnins:preist; Kshatriyas:worriors/rulers; Vaishya:merchant; Shrudas:servants; Untouchables:unclean |
| Four ashramas (stages of life) | Brahmacharya:student; Grihastha:householder; Vanaprastha:hermit; Sannyasin:renunciant |
| Varnashrama Dharma | based on varna and ashrama & fulfilling social responsibilities |
| Sanatana Dharma | Eternal Dharma & seeking liberation of atman |
| Four yogas / margas | Yoga(yoke- discipline); Marga(path); Juana(yoga of knowledge); Karma)yoga of sevice); Bhakti(yoga of devotion); Raja yoga of psycho-physical discipline-aka royal yoga, aka ashtanga=8 limbs |
| Samadhi | entering into a trance in which oneness with brahman and liberation is experienced |
| Trimurti | 3 main gods - brahma:creator; vishnu:preserver; shiva:destroyer, regenerator |
| Brahma | (consort: Sarasvati) |
| Vishnu | (consorts: Lakshmi, Shri) |
| Shiva | (consorts: Shakti, Parvati, Durga, Kali) |
| Devi | also refers to the ultimate devine feminine - represented as many goddess, devis shaktis |
| Avatars of Vishnu, esp. Krishna & Rama | rama-fight for family, Krishna, drive-Great God, god of vishnu and revell diverent path n disciplines. Vishnu- all come by me. |
| Devotional Hinduism | one or moer indian gods: worship all, offer sacrifices, praying, and supporting priest. god will returnin help with the struggled life; BHAKTI-MARGA-"the way of devotion" |
| Vaishnavas, Shaivas, Shaktas | Vaishnavas- worship Vishnu (often as Krishna or Rama); Shaivas- worship Shiva (often using the form of the linga); Shaktas- worship Shakti or Devi, the Divine Mother (as Lakshmi, Durga, Kali, or another Devi form |
| Great Epics: | Bhagavad-gita poem - of indian culture and religion |
| Mahabharata | text about the struggle of two leading families from the beggining of indian history |
| Bhagavad-Gita | about a great battle, it relates the stories of the struggle of notable heroes and gods n contains much of the basic philosophy of the culture. |
| (about Krishna, Arjuna, & dharmic dilemma) | krishna confessed he is incarnation of the god vishnu, and told arjuna he needs to fight in balltle bc he is a kshatriya class, and it is his duty |
| (origin of Bhakti, Karma, and Jnana Yogas) | Jnana — the yoga of knowledge Karma — the yoga of service Bhakti — the yoga of devotion |
| Ramayana (about Rama) | besides krishna, Rama is most beolve avatar of vishnu |
| Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (origin of Raja/Ashtanga Yoga) | the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Raja — yoga of psycho-physical discipline aka Royal Yoga aka Ashtanga = “8 limbs” |
| Code of Manu (reaffirms caste system) | written as a response to oppisition to the caste system to the janism and buddism |
| Advaita (monism/non-dualistic) vs. Dvaita (dualistic) | Advaita- Non-dualist Nirguna Brahman — God is impersonal; dissolves personhood; No distinction/duality. Dvaita- Dualist; Saguna Brahman — God has personal attributes; retains distinction of persons; Relationship between |
| Nirguna Brahman vs. Saguna Brahman | Nirguna Brahman — God is impersonal Saguna Brahman — God has personal attributes |
| Hindu holy days | Holi, Divali, n Dasehra |
| Vivekanada | ramakrishna's disciple who attended the parliament of religion in chicago in 1893 |
| Mohandes Ghandi | inspired by-jesus sermon on the mount, henry david thoreau, and janist teaching of ahimsa |
| Ahimsa | non-injury to life - not to injury life |
| Buddhism - Buddha / Tathagata / Sakyamuni | buddha-enlighened one, tath-he has come and gone, sak-sage of the Sakyas |
| The Four Passing Sights | old man, disease, decaying corpes, and peaceful monk |
| Bodhi tree | worlds oldest living tree |
| The Middle Way | between indulgence & asceticism |
| The Four Noble Truths | The problem: Suffering (Dukkha) The cause: Desire (Tanha) The end: Cessation of suffering/desire (Nirvana) The means: Eight-Fold Path |
| The Eightfold Path | Prajna/Wisdom-Right Belief,Right Aspiration Sila/Morality-Right speech, RightConduct /Action, Right Livelihood Samadhi/Concentration-Right Endeavor/Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Meditation |
| The Three Jewels (Three Refuges) | I take refuge in the: Buddha I take refuge in the: Dharma I take refuge in the: Sangha |
| Anatman | anatman/anatta – no soul; no self |
| Nirvana | extinguishing (of self; of desire) |
| Dukkha | Suffering |
| Tanha | Desire |
| Anicca | impermanence; transience |
| Skandhas | 5 constituents of the human |
| Dependent co-arising | interconnectedness & interdependence of all; no separate existence |
| Dharma (as redefined by the Buddha) | the truth taught by the Buddha |
| Karma (as reapplied to Buddhism) | law of cause & effect (137, 140, 142-143) (redefined somewhat because Buddhism disavows the caste system and varnashrama dharma, and is anatman |
| Samadhi (as reapplied in Buddhism) | Samadhi is necessarily redefined in Buddhism, because Buddhism is anatman |
| 10 precepts & 5 precepts (need not memorize them) | 10 Precepts for monks; 5 for non-monastics (like the ten commandments) |
| Sangha | order of the monks - the vehicle of where the truth comes |
| Arhat | obtained enlightment and detached |
| Bodhisattva | being destain to becoming a buddha |
| Bodhisattva Vow of Compassion | to wait and help |
| Pagodas | service as worship or festival centers, and contain relicd. |
| Tripitaka / Pali canon | three baskets / language |
| Sanskrit Sutras | a shrine/temple |
| Lotus Sutra | huge meterian- everything |
| Theravada Buddhism | The Smaller Vessal - the more conservative- tradition of the elders |
| Hinayana Buddhism | consevative wing of buddhism, only remaining school is theravada |
| Mahayana Buddhism | The greater Vessel - term meaning large vehicle the buddhist movement that added new understandings, absorbed other religious ideas and most trancended culture boundries throughout the world |
| Vajrayana Buddhism | (a form of Mahayana) The “Diamond Vessel” or “Thunderbolt Vessel” Tantric Buddhism |
| Tibetan Buddhism | the most tantic form of buddhism |
| Tantric Buddhism | teach various magic words n spells that help deal with the unknown |
| Syncretism | Theravada - More conservative / sectarian Mahayana - More tolerant & syncretistic2 |
| Bon | vajrayana's name in (I think in Japan) |
| Zen / Ch’an / Dhyana | the intuitive that seeks satori, a flash of insight through meditating on koans |
| Pure Land / Jodo Shu / Jodo Shinshu | the buddhism that involves a savior and western paradiseq |
| Nichiren / Soka Gakkai | is a purely japanees phenomenon- great effect on the social and political |
| Tendai | should stand on their own, so instinctive |
| Bodhidharma | the early teaching of the intuitive buddhism in the clue |
| Mantras / Tantras / Mandalas | how to do the rituals/ chants/ no attachments |
| Koans | a chan/zen riddle for contemplation |
| Amitabha / Amida / Emiduo (Amitofo) | the buddha of the pure life |
| Avalokitesvara / Quan Yin / Kannon | indian/tibetan bodhisattva who undergoes a sex change to become the far-estern bodhisattva of compassion, then changed her name |
| Asoka | a king- read writing of buddhism to muslim and it sounded athest. moved them out and they went to s. asia. |
| Dalai Lama | a spiritual and temporal leader |
| Yellow Hats & Red Hats | group left red hat(sexual) and became yellow hat and dalai lama became the leader and syllibus |
| Maitreya / Miluo (Milofo) | indian buddha of the future, becomes fat, laughing chinese buddha |
| Samadhi / Sammata meditation | intense concentration:to attainment of the spiritual state that open the path to enlightenment. |
| Vipassana meditation | insight meditation |
| Chinese Religion, Confucianism, & Daoism - Shang Dynasty | Con-a social answer to the problem of the chaos in society by redirecting traditional vertrues n the idea of social order. Daoism(Taoism)- individual answering, addressing the chous in all human existence n promoting the harmony of each individual. |
| Chou Dynasty | chou clan wanted to rule chinaassert rule based on morality n religion |
| Warring States period | lines dividing china(?)- The great wall of china. |
| Han Dynasty | ruled china for several cent. then began to break down |
| Filial piety (Hsiao/Xiao) | respect and loyalty to family |
| Ancestrism | reverence of ancestors (ancient) |
| Divination / augury | rituals to find hidden knowledge inherent in the universe; predict future; determine auspicious times (ancient)cut open a bird to see the future |
| I Ching | (Book of Changes) was often used for divination |
| Tian / Heaven | Heaven (as a spiritual power, not just a place) |
| Mandate of Heaven | right to rule as the representative of Tian |
| Shang Ti / Jade Emperor | Ruler of Heaven (Later called the Jade Emperor) |
| Yin and Yang | balance of complementary opposites in the universe & nature |
| Feng shui | auspicious locations based on yin-yang bearings |
| Chi / Qi | chi – vital energy; power of the Tao (literally, “breath”) |
| Tao Te Ching | literally, the “Way Power Book” |
| Lao-Tzu | Lao Tzu / Laozi / Master Lao-Founder of Taoism - wrote way power book, about teaching |
| Tao | the Way; the universal force running through all things - inner personal request |
| Wu wei | inactive action; action without effort - complete harmony w/ the Tao- go with the flo |
| Metaphor of water | to describe the Tao & wu wei - always takes the path of least resistance |
| Chuang-Tzu | Chuang Tzu / Zhuangzi / Master Chuang -Later Taoist philosopher who expanded the founder’s vision - wrote a book n named it after himself |
| Philosophical (early) Taoism (3 dist) | in Lao Tzu & Chuang Tzu |
| Religious Taoism (3 dist) | Popular (religious) Taoism – temples, priests, rituals, alchemy |
| Esoteric Taoism (3 dist) | (psycho-physical) Taoism – as in Tai Chi - discipline/energy 9 yoga/martial arts) |
| Tai Chi | gain energy - for the right reasons |
| Alchemy | worked at the stove; began to offer sacrifice to the god of the stove. tsao chun - mercury n gold (eat it) |
| Confucius / Kung Fu-tzu / Kungfuzi | Early Confucian Leaders Confucius / Kung Fu-tzu / Kungfuzi / Great Master Kung - founders- natural flow |
| Five Chinese Classics | Wu Ching Book of History / Shu Ching Book of Poetry / Shih Ching Book of Changes / I Ching Book of Rites / Li Chi Spring and Autumn Annals / Chun Chiu - not by the confucius |
| Ru / Mandarins | aristocratic class; the nobles - confucius |
| Five Relationships | Father to son Elder brother to younger brother Husband to wife Friend to friend (Your text lists “elder to younger” here) Ruler to subject |
| Rectification of Names | fix something, your name, what describes you, be it the right way, define your responsibility |
| Li | propriety; right action; “rite” action - habit |
| Jen / Ren | the virtue of humaneness |
| Shu | reciprocity - do unto others, as you would want them to do unto you |
| Wen | the arts of peace |
| Jun-zi / Chun-tzu | the ideal & noble man; the virtuous gentleman |
| Ti / Te / De | virtuous power (the power to rule, in Confucianism) |
| Hsiao / Xiao | filial piety |
| Mencius / Meng-Tzu / Mengzi | Mencius / Meng Tzu / Mengzi / Master Meng - Successor to Confucius who held that human nature is good but is impeded by an evil social environment |
| Hsun-Tzu / Xunzi - get better | Hsun Tzu / Xunzi / Master Hsun - Successor to Confucius who held that human nature is self-centered and evil, requiring education and training to become good |
| Analects of Confucius / Lun Yü | recorded sayings of Confucius |
| Book of Mencius | Four Books / Ssu Shu - Mencius / Meng Tzu / Mengzi - written by confucius, the analects(lun-yu), great Learner (Ta Hsueh), doctrine of the mean(chung yung, mencius |
| Legalists | 2nd group - followed no specific teacher; its mem were known as legalists or realist; money n time spent on sacrifice |
| Mohists | 3rd group - pacifists; seld-defense n allowed the building of fortifications. |
| Mao Tse Tung / People’s Republic of China | chinese civil war |
| Chinese religious repression | violence-restriction of freedom |
| humans seek | meaning, purpose, order, ultimacy |
| Theisms - MONOTHEISM | ONLY ONE GOD |
| Theisms - POLYTHEISM | many god exsist; may worship more than one |
| Theisims - HENOTHEISM | many gods exist, but the community worships only their god. |
| Theisms - MONISM | there is one ultimate reality |
| Theisms - PANTHEISM | all is god |
| Theisms - PANENTHEISM | all is IN god and god is in all |
| Theisms - DEISM | a form of momtheism; god created but then withdrew from creation |
| Theisms - AGNOSTICISM | one can not know certainly if god does or does not exist |
| Theisms - PHILOSOPHICAL ATHEISM | no god or higher order exist |
| Theisms - PRACTICAL ATHEISM | ones practices are not determine by belief in god. |
| Primal Religion/Society - are cosmological | Nomadic, Hunter-gatherers, tribal groups, Small scale communities, egalitarian society, hunting males; gathering females, collective identity, oral culture, - Animism / ancestrism, nature-based worhip, shamans, totemic bond with animals, oral myths |
| Archaic Religion/Society - are cosmological | Sedentary, domestic agriculture, merging of cultures, lg-scale urbanization, stratified society, diversification of labor, individuation/personal identity, literacy, polytheism/pantheons of gods, temple worship, priests, sacricial systems, written epic |
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