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SU World Civ 102 (1)
Midterm Study Cards for Dr. Story's History 102 class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Christopher Columbus | Explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1492 in search of the Indies. Ended up in San Salvador. Led 4 different voyages to the Americas |
| Method of colonization of Spanish & French | Viceroys: stand ins for the king. Very centralized form of government. Decisions are made in the mother country |
| Dutch & English methods of colonization. | Joint-stock companies. Semi-privatized colonization |
| Transatlantic Slavery | Originally indigenous people were used but high death rates as a result of diseased caused the Portugese and Spanish to switch to enslaving Africans. Many priest went to the crown lobbying against the enslavement of indigenous people. |
| Elmina | Where first European slave trading post named was built in 1482. Located in present-day Ghana. Africans sold their enemies to the Europeans. |
| Middle Passage | The voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas. 72 million African slaves were sent on this voyage. |
| Conquistadors | Hernán Cortés and Bernal Diáz del Castillo and Vasco da Gama |
| Manumission | the freeing of a slave. Common by the Roman Catholic Church in Spain and Portugal. Discouraged rebellion. Gave slaves a slim chance & hope of freedom |
| Abolitionism | The push for the end of slavery. Examples: Bartolomew de las Casas & Olaudah Equiano |
| Olaudah Equiano | Wrote anitslavery literature Wrote autobiography in 1788 about middle passage, his gained freedom and moving to England. |
| Hatian Revolution | Executed by the French colony of Haiti. Led to the second republic in the Americas. Declared independence and abolished slavery. France can't fight back because of focus on their own revolution. No one recognizes Haiti for years in fear of its influence. |
| Toussaint L' Ouverture | 1776-1804. Leader of the Haitian Rebellion. High-up slave. |
| Quilombos | marooned slaves in Brazil. Formed their own governments |
| Palmares | 90 mile stretch of territory elaborate court About 30,000 residents Fell in 1694 |
| Zumbi | Last leader of Quilombo dos Palmares Born free in Palmares Kidnapped & made a slave to a priest Escaped back to Palmares After Palmares fell Zumbi was found and dismembered |
| Aztecs | Nahua Speak Nahuatl Capital: Tenochtitlan, Lake Texcaco Mathematically skilled - created the term of 0 Animism: ability to contact divinity with the natural & physical world. gods and people are mutually dependent. |
| Confucianism | Based on principles of: peace, order, stability, respect for one's authority, obedience, harmony, the patriarchal system, community values = oppress wills of individuals. China is a family. |
| Great Wall of China | At its longest during the Ming Dynasty (9000 km) One of China's greatest intellectual achievements. Made to protect China from northern invaders. Showed strength and power of the Chinese empire and economy during that time |
| Qing Dynasty | Aka Manchus Ruled from 1644-1911 Take over after the Ming Dynasty falls. |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | Feudal system. From 1600s - 1860s consolidated power around 1600 tried isolation military men, war lords more European-like Shogun = King Samurai = Vassals, appointed by emperor |
| Ottoman Empire | Muslim, gunpowder Empire. Conquered Istanbul Sunni Muslims Failed to conquer Vienna twice Focused more on land-based military = downfall Bureaucrats held military rank. Ruled by Sultan Ulama: interpreters of Islamic Law Final End = Treaty of Versa |
| Sulieman the Magnificent | ruled from 1520 -1566 greatest Ottoman Empire sultan Created legal code for Ottoman Empire Extend Empire westward led the siege on Vienna both in 1529 and 1556 and failed. |
| Janissaries | Method of the Ottoman Empire Christians (either citizens or prisoners) used as soldiers Held a place of respect in society Loyal to emperor alone Forced to convert to Islam Originally not allowed to marry or have children |
| Safavid Empire | Persian Empire. Shiite Muslims. Ruled over Arabs. Distinguished horsemen. Large, standing, well-organized army. Capital: Isfahan Shahs = leaders Entertainment was banned. Foral, botanical imagery, koran-themed artistic taste. high level of safety. |
| Abbas | (1588-1629) Safavid Leader Safavid Empire's greatest ruler. |
| Mughal Empire | Rulers = Muslims. Citizens = Hindus. Interested in political & economic growth Founded by Babur the tiger No Navy Very rich & powerful - aka mogul empire 1700s - became unstable = British take over. Sunni Muslims |
| Akbar | Babur's grandson. Greatest ruler of the Mughal Empire. 1556-1605 Patron of the arts. Supported Scholarships. Strived for social & political reforms. Most of his changes failed to stick. |
| Akbar's Reforms | Created new religion that blended Hindu & Muslim religions. Order the respect of cows. Encouraged intermarriage. Provided shelter for the homeless. tried to improve the status of women. discouraged sati and child marriages. |
| Taj Mahal | Mausoleum built by Shah Jahan (Mughal Empire) for his favorite wife who died during the birth of their 15th child. Signifies Mughal Empires peak during the 17th century of wealth & power. Violated some aspects of the Islamic religion 20 years to build |
| Ming Dynasty | 1368-1645 Ruled by Hans Zheng He sent on large and major expeditions |
| Jesuits | society of Jesus Created by the Roman Catholic Church for educative purposes Founded to educated people and stop the Protestant Reformation Goal: get converts to turn back to Catholic church Part of the Catholic Reformation |
| Catholic Reformation | Began soon after the Protestant Reformation Goal: stop the spread of Protestantism and turn converts back to Catholicism. Led to the formation of the Jesuits by St. Ignatius of Loyola, the Council of Trent and the Inquisition. |
| Inquisition | When the Roman Catholic Church searched for nonbelievers and converts in order to punish them for heresy. Part of the Catholic Reformation Auto-de-fe: public punishment for crimes If you turned someone else in you would get a portion of their property. |
| Council of Trent | 1545-1562 In response to Martin Luther's 95 theses Held by Pople Paul III Gathering of high catholic authorities to debate what reforms should be made in the Catholic doctrine. Result: some changes and tightening of laws to fix corruption. |
| Martin Luther | devout monk born in the town of Wittenberg in Germany. Wrote the 95 theses listing the corruptions he saw in the Roman Catholic Church Originally intended to try to purify the church but ended up splitting and forming the Lutheran sect of Christianity. |
| 95 theses | 1517 document written by Martin Luther. Protests against indulgences, clergy not taking vows seriously, uneducated clergymen, Stated that anyone could have a direct relationship with God and that religion is about salvation & faith not good works. |
| Protestant Reformation | Led by Martin Luther Split from the Roman Catholic sect at the time. |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | United Spain First Consolidation of Power Forced Jews & Muslims to convert - leads to Spanish Inquisition Funded Chris Columbus's adventures to the Americas |
| Prince Henry (the navigator) | Ruler of Portugal wasn't really a navigator established a school for teaching men to learn about navigation and travel In 1415 captured muslim city of Ceuta - first capture of land outside of Portugese border |
| Prester John | Believed to be the emperor of a great Christian Empire located in Ethiopia. In 1400s Portugal waned to find Africa & him. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 line established by Pope Alexander VI. Stated that land west of the line belonged to Spain and land the east belonged to Portugal. |
| Indulgences | Sold by the Roman Catholic Church A way to allow people to buy themselves or a loved one into heaven. |
| Guttenberg's Printing Press | made in 1440s Allowed for the mass production of the Bible in the vernacular and other inflammatory works. Causes main splits in religions and warfare. |
| Scholasticism | Medieval method of inquiry Replace by science (Humanism) Conservative method of inquiry that looks to the past for answers Infers that the best has already occurred. |
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