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BioCultural MIDTERM

QuestionAnswer
Types of Physical Anthropology? And what does each sudy? Palentology - extinct humans Human varaion - existaing humans Primaology - human's closest relatives
Types of Cultural Anthropology? And what does each sudy? Ethnography - behavior patterns in one culture Ethnology - one behavior across a number of cultures Social Anthro - study of human social structure Psychological Anthro - intelligence across many cultures
Types of Archeology? And what does each sudy? Prehistori - before written records Historic - during written records Contract - excavating and preserving cultures
Types of Linguistic Anthropology? And what does each sudy? Historical - the evolution of language Social - daily use of language Psycholinguistics - language in cross-cultures
What is an evolutionary force? EVOLUTIONARY FORCE - any process that changes the gene frequency of population over time
What are five types of evolutionary forces? What are the defintions of each? Genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, natural selecion, and artfical selection
What are the five kinds of order pimates? Prosimians, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, lesser apes, and greater apes
What are the 6 PHYSICAL charateristics of order primates? 1. Prehensile hands and feet 2. Opposable thumbs and flat nail ON SOME FINGERS 3. Increased brain size 4. Rotation of forearm magnum under skull 5. Foward rotation of eyes for steroscopic vision/depth perception 6. eduction of face and snout
What are the 5 REPRODUCTIVE charateristics of order primates? 1. No litters 2. Long relaionships beween partners 3. No rut season 4. Long gestation periods 5. Long postnatal development and dependeny
The THREE geological eras? Wha are some of the animals that existed in both? 1. Paleozoic (Fishes) - reptiles 2. Mesozoic (Dinosaurs) - reptiles, egg laying and placenta mammals 3. Cenozoic (Mammals) - primates an hominids
What are the SIX time phases of the CENOZOIC period? What happened in each of them? 1. Paleocene - adiation of mammals 2. Eocene - insectivore mammals to prosimians 3. Olingocene - prosimians to monkeys 4. Miocene - monkeys to apes or hominoids 5. Pliocene - earliest true honimoids ( Australopithecines) 6. Pleisocene - Austro to hom
What is relative dating and what is absolute dating? What is the difference? Relative dating is used to determine if one fossil is older or younger than another fossil! Absolute dating is used to fiure out the "real age" of a fossil based on radioactive decay! In relative ating, you need two fossils because you are comparing them!
How many types of relative dating techniques are there? What are they called/ what do they do? There are 3 types: 1. Stratigraphy: fossils found in deeper layers are older 2. Biostratigraphy: bones found in one site can be used to determine the age of bones found in another site WITHOUT good statigraphy -- use biomarkers
What type of dating technique is Flourine Anaylsis? What can it be applied to? Flourine Analysis is a RELATIVE daing technique! It is used on bones that have been exposed flourine water - the longer the bones have been in the goun the higher flourine content tey will have! Downfall: Only good for regional fossils!
How many types of Absolute dating types are there? What are they called? What do they do? There are four: 1. Carbon 14: Used on plants and animals that use CO2; uses breakdown of C14 into C12 2. Potassium-Argon Dating: fossils found in volcanic ash; K40 breaks own into Ag40 overtime. 3. Paleomanetic Dating: measuring orientation of metals
How many types of fossils are there? 2 Types: Anthropoid and Hominoid
What type of fossil gave rise to ANTHROPOID? Which phase of Cenozoic are does it come from? Aegyptopitheus and found in Eocene and Olingocene phases! Found in Africa!
What type of fossil gave rise to HOMINOID and which gave rise to APES? Which phase of Cenozoic are does it come from? Drypithicus to apes and Ramaithicus to homoinoids and found in the Oligocene and Miocene phases!
There are 7 types of fossil HOMINOIDS. Name them in order of appearence. Austra. Aarensis, Austra. Robustus, Austra. Africanus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Neanderthal, Homo Sapien
Where was A. Afarensis found? What era of of Cenozoic era does it come from? Found in Africa and from the Pliocene era!
Where was robustus found? What era? Africa and in the Plio/Pleistocene
Where was Africanud found? And which era? Africa and found in the Plio/Pleistocene
Where was Homo Habilis found? Which era? It was the first to do something - what was it? Africa and found in the Pleistocene era. It was the first to use tools - "pebble tools" or oldawan to be exact!
Where was Homo erectus found? Which era? It was the first to do something - what was it? It was found in China and dated back to the Pleistocene era. It used tools and was the first to us FIRE.
Where was Homo neanderthals found? Which era? It was the first to do something - what was it? They were found in Africa and dated to the Pleistocene era. They found material cultures: decorated tools and GRAVE GOODS (belief in afterlife?)
Where was Homo sapiens found? Which era? It was the first to do something - what was it? Found in Africa and dated to the Pleistocene era. Here they found complex social organizations and the domestication of animals!
What is the Savannah Hypothesis? Africa was forested until around 8 million years ago. Cooler and drier conditions resulted in the break-up of forest habitats and appearance of savanna-like environments. These new environments, in turn, opened up a new niche for apes who became bipedal.
There are two types of variations - what are they? Continuous and discontinuous!
What is a continuous variation and what are some examples of this? A trait that is sensitive to the environment: skin color, stature, body weight, and height/weight ratio - ALLEN'S RULE AND BERGMANN'S RULE
What is a discontinuous variation and what are some examples of this? A trait that is an adaption to the environment: shovel-shaped incisors, blood type, lactose intolerance
What is Allen's Rule? As you get farther away from the equator - the shorter your APPENDAGES get.
What is Bergmann's Rule? As you get farther away from the equator - the shorted and more compact your BODY becomes!
What are the two things that cause human variation? Genetic variability and environmental variability! There are more variations IN a population than BETWEEN a population!
What is an adaption and what is an environmental stress? What is the difference between them? An adaption is a change made by an organism to overcome environmental stress. ES is a change in the environment that disturbs the = of the organism.
Created by: moco7571
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