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Anthropology QuizTwO
Anthropology ExamTwO
| What are the steps of an anthropological project? | 1.) Selecting a research project 2.) Formulating a research design 3.) Collecting data 4.) Analyzing data 5.) Interpret Data |
| What is the difference between analyzing data and interpreting data? | Analyzing the data is presenting the statistics collected while interpreting data is explaining the data |
| Why is it important to select a research project and do your background reading before entering the field? | So you can predict what might happen and focus your research by knowing your touch-points and knowing who you want to get in contact with. |
| What are the methods of anthropological research? | Participant observation, interviewing, questioning, census. |
| What is Etic and Emic views? | Etic is outsider, so observer and Emic is insider, so participant |
| What are some things to be aware of in anthropological research? | Tacit culture, like taboos and offensive gestures and floating. |
| What is floating? | A part of explicit culture, where one thing is said but another is done |
| To who do anthropologists have ethical responsibilities to? | To their informants/ collaborators, their funders, and to their peers. |
| What are the anthropological theories? | , Unilineal Evolution American Historicism, British Functionalism, Structural- Functonalism, Multilineal Evolution,Cultural Ecology, French Structuralism, Materialism, Idealism, and Post-Modernism • |
| Uniformitarianism? | Change that occurs now is the same kind that occurred in the past. |
| Unilineal Evolution? | The belief that human and cultural changes in one direction. |
| What did Lewis Henry Morgan think? | A culture grows from Savagery, to barbarism, to civilization. |
| What did E.B. Tylor think? | a culture’s religious structure goes from animalism, to polytheism, to monotheism. |
| What are the problems with unilineal evolution? | Morgan and Tylor used their theories to put their culture on top and their theories were racist. |
| Who are the two main theorists behind Unilineal Evolution? | Lewis Henry Morgan and E.B. Tylor |
| What are the accomplishments of Unilineal Evolution? | It was the first time anyone tried to make universal statements about humans and cultures, therefore establishing anthropology as a discipline. |
| What are the objectives of Anthropology that unilineal evolution established? | Looking at the holistic view and comparing cultures. |
| American Historicism | Looks at how past influences shape cultures into their current forms |
| Franz Boaz is behind what anthropological theory? | American Historicism |
| What are the traits of American Historicism? | It looks at the differences in cultures, emphasized the need for woman, and introduced cultural relativism |
| Cultural Relativism was who’s idea? | Franz Boaz. |
| What is British Functionalism? | Every culture functions to fulfill three basic individual needs: food, shelter, and sex. |
| What is Bronislaw Malinowski’s theory? | British functionalism |
| Who is the father of anthropological fieldwork? | Bronislaw Malinowski |
| Structual- Functionalism | How everything functions to support a society as a whole |
| Who is behind structural- functionalism. | A.R. Radcliffe- Brown |
| Multilineal Evolution | There are multiple directions an culture can take to develop to its current form |
| What is Leslie White’s theory | The more energy and technology a culture can harness, the more change the culture undergoes |
| What is Julian Steward’s theory? | Culture is an interaction between its society and its environment. |
| What did Julian Steward introduce | A Culture core |
| What is a Culture Core | Some things are more important to a culture, like how they get food, then other things, like what do they wear |
| Cultural Ecology | Is the combination of Leslie White’s and Julian Steward’s theories, that culture is the impact between humans and their environment. |
| French Structuralism | looks at how the mind makes sense of things, like with binary oppositions and archetypes. |
| What did Claude Levi- Strauss study? | The structure of the mind and how it makes sense of things, and binary oppositions. |
| Binary Oppositions | How the mind breaks things down into what the thing’s opposite is or what it is not. |
| What did Noam Chomsky study? | Archetypes |
| Archetypes | What is the idealized version or idea of everything in the brain |
| Materialism | Everything in a culture results from material needs and constraints |
| Idealism | The mental components of a culture are important |
| Who are skeptical of Materialists? | Idealists |
| Post Modernism | There are multiple positions and interpretations of any idea |
| Vincent Crapazona is? | A post-modernist anthropologist who wrote Tuhami |
| What is Tuhami? | A transcript of a discussion between Crapazona anda Mohaccean man. |
| Culture of Poverty | When values and norms are reinforced across generations |
| Structuralist View | Who is poor/rich, how did they get poor/ rich, and what groups are they divided into |
| Culture of Terror | How a few terrorist’s actions affect an entire community’s culture |
| Cultural Production Theory | People from minority or dysfunctional backgrounds try to gain respect end negative misconceptions but end up acting in way that reinforces negative misconceptions and results in them losing respect. |
| Post- modernism | multiple perspectives and voices |
| Structure vs. Agency | Rules of the game and cultural structure vs. Individual choices |
| Why aren’t there set characteristics that define a person? | Identity is fuzzy, and what is important to one person may not be as important to another person |
| Ethos | A people’s tone, character, quality of life, moral and astatic style, attitude toward self and the world as reflected in their lives |
| Concepts and Steryotypes | The image an culture has of themselves is different form how other cultures see them |
| What is the difference between Country and Nation? | The country is the geographical location while nation is a group of people who have shared sense of identity |
| Country/ State | A geographical location that is self-governing |
| Nation | Is a group of people who see themselves as one people on the basis of shared history, culture, religion, and/or language, ect. |
| What is the difference between Mating and Marriage? | Mating is a biological act while Marriage is a cultural institution |
| Marriage | A transaction and resulting contract in which a man and a woman are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access t one another in which the woman involved is eligible to bear children |
| Affines | In-laws, people that are related through marriage |
| Consanguinal Bond | Blood bond |
| Conjugal Bond | Marriage bond |
| Incest Taboo | The probation of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent and child and siblings at minimum |
| What may be some of the origins of the Incest Taboo? | Biological and psychological origins |
| Oedipal Complex | All young boys are attracted to their mothers |
| Electra Complex | All young girls are attracted to their fathers |
| Polygamy | Custom of marriage to more tan one spouse of either sex |
| Polygyny | A man has more than one wife |
| Polyandry | A woman is married to more than one husband |
| What is the rarest form of marriage? | Polyandry |
| Serial monogamy | Getting married multiple times. While the is only one spouse at a time, over a lifetime, the serial monogamist has multiple spouses. |
| Monogamy | One husband and one wife. |
| Levirate | If the husband dies in a monogamous marriage, the husband's familly gets another husband (usually a brother of the dead husband) for the wife. |
| Sororate | If a wife dies in a monogamous marriage, the wife's family gets another wife(usally a sister of the dead wife) for the husband |
| What is the purpose of Levirate/ Sororate? | To maintain the alliance between the two families that was formed by a marriage. |
| Cross cousin | Mother's brother's child, or Father's Sister's child. Considered a good marriage partner. |
| Parallel cousin | Mother's sister's child, or Father's Brother's child. Marriage to this cousin is considered to be a closer bond an is within the societies's incest taboo |
| Endogamy | Marriage within a certain group |
| Exogamy | marriage outside a certain group |
| What are the types of marriage exchange? | Exchange of rings, bride price, bride service, and dowry |
| Exchange of rings (or other goods) | Traditional form of exchange, where tradition dictates what is given to who, at what time. |
| Bride price (Bride wealth) | Payments of money or other valuables are given to bride's family or close kin to composate for the lost worker. |
| Bride Service | The bride's family is compensated with labor instead of money. The husband lives with the bride's family for multiple years and works for them. |
| Dowry | The bride's family gives bride inheritance to husband's family, to compensate them having to take the wife as a necessary burden |
| Low status dowry | usually money and/or movable valuables |
| High status dowry | land |
| Dependence training | children are taught to contribute on the family by being given tasks to help the family, participating in team sports, and by being kept close to the parents. |
| Independence training | Children are taught to be independent by being set on a schedule as an infant, weened from nursing, and told to do tasks for individual accomplishments. |
| Sex | Biologically male or female. Born with it. |
| Gender | Culturally defined definitions of male and female. Most culture have 2 genders, but some have a 3rd intermediate gender. |
| Kinship | Study of how people are related through blood and marriage. |
| 1st principle of kinship | relationship through blood |
| 2nd principle of kinship | relationship through marriage |
| Unilineal | lineage is kept tract of through one side |
| Partilineal | Lineage is kept tract of through males in the family |
| Matrilineal | Lineage is kept tract of through females in the family |
| Desent | The belief that certain people play an important role in the creation, birth, and nurturing of a child |
| Desent Group | A publically recognized group where being a lineal desendent, of a real or mythical ancestor, is required for membership |
| Patrilineal desent | Everyone is kept track of by who they are related to in the male line |
| Matrilineal desent | Everyone is kept track of by who they are related to in the female line. |
| Double desent | Male line and female line are both in charge of things. Split tasks. |
| Lineage | A desent group made of blood kin who trace ancestry back to a know relative |
| Corporate | If head of linage dies, someone else takes role and lineage continues |
| Clans | Non-corporate desent groups with member claiming desent from a specific ancestor without knowing exactly how they are related. Don't have to prove desent to be a member |
| Noncorporate | Come together at times of crisis, or when solidity is needed. No leader. |
| Totem | point of identity, symbol |
| Totemism | spiritual connection to symbol; seen as guiding spirit |
| What do kinship diagrams accomplish? | They classify similar people into single, specific categories. They also sperate different types of people into distinct categories |
| Eskimo kinship | Emphasizes nuclear family. Common in North America and food-foraging societies |
| Hawaiian kinship | Emphasizes extended family, where all adults have equal authority over children. Found in Hawaii and Pacific Island areas |
| Iroquois kinship | Emphasis on partilineal side of family. Cousins in partilineal side considered siblings. |
| What are societies structured on? | Marriage, family, sex, age, and common interests |
| Kindred | Who you choose to be your relatives. |
| Age sets | Group of people with similar ages |
| Age grades | Experiances in life |
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