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A&P Ch 26 Kuntzman
The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define gastrointestinal tract/alimentary tube | Continuous tube that extends form the mouth to the anus |
| List the structures that make up the gastrointestinal tract | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine |
| What functions occur in the gastrointestinal tract? | Digestion & elimination |
| List the structures that make up the accessory structures | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas |
| What is the function of the accessory structures? | They contribute or aid in digestion |
| Define ingestion | Taking foods/liquids into the mouth (eating) |
| Define secretion | Release of water acid, buffer & enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract |
| Define mixing/propulsion | Churning and propulsion of food thru GI tract |
| Define motility | Capability of GI tract to mix & move material along it's length |
| Define digestion | Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food |
| Define mechanical digestion | Physical breaking up of food into smaller pieces for chemical digestion |
| Define chemical digestion | Large carbohydrate, lipid & protein food molecules into smaller molecules that are usable by body cells by digestive enzymes |
| Define absorption | Passage of digestive products from GI tract into blood or lymph for distribution to cells |
| Define defecation | Elimination of feces from GI tract |
| Define feces | Eliminated material |
| List the layer of the GI tract from the inside out | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa (visceral peritoneum) |
| What type of membrane is the mucosa layer and where is it found in the GI tract? | A mucous membrane in the inner lining |
| What is the function of the mucosa layer? | Develops folds that increase the surface area for digestion & absorption |
| What are the functions of the connective tissue and vessels found in the submucosa layer? | Aerolar connective tissue binds mucosa to muscularis. Blood vessels & lymphatic vessels receive absorbed food molecules |
| What is the submucosal plexus and it's functions? | Nerve fibers that extend the entire length of the GI tract. Controls secretions of organs of GI tract. |
| What structures of the GI tract contain skeletal muscle? | Mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and external anal sphincter |
| What is the largest serous membrane of the body? | Peritoneum |
| Define parietal peritoneum | Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity |
| Define visceral peritoneum | Covers the organs in the cavity |
| Define retroperitoneal | Organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum |
| What is the function of the peritoneum? | Binds organs together & to walls of the abdominal cavity |
| What are the 5 extension of the peritoneum? | 1) Greater omentum 2) Falciform ligament 3) Mesentary, 4) Lesser omentum 5) Mesocolon |
| What is the fatty apron or the beer belly and its function? | Greater omentum protects the visceral organs |
| What structure attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm? | Falciform ligament |
| What structure suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver? | Lesser omentum |
| What structure binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall? | Mesentary |
| What structure binds the transverse colon and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall? | Mesocolon |
| What is the function of teeth? Is this mechanical or chemical digestion? | Chewing process that mechanically breaks down food into smaller pieces & mixes it with saliva. |
| Define mastication | Chewing |
| Define bolus | chewed up food |
| What is a pharynx and what does it do? | Funnel-shaped tube that connects nasal & oral cavities to the larynx & esophagus |
| What is an esophagus and what does it do? | Muscular tube that lies behind the trachea & connects the pharynx to the stomach. Secretes mucus & transports food to the stomach. No digestion takes place here. |
| Define deglutition | Swallowing. Movement of food from mouth to stomach. Involves mouth, pharynx, & esophagus |
| What structures does the stomach connect? | Connects esophagus to the small intestine |
| What is the entrance and exit of the stomach> | Begins at the bottom of the esophagus and ends at the pyloric sphincter |
| What are the functions of the stomach? | Mechanical & chemical digestion. It serves as a mixing & holding area for food. Begins the digestion of proteins & continues the digestion of triglycerides, converting a bolus to chyme. It can also absorb some substances. |
| Define chyme | the liquid bolus is converted to |
| What is rugae and what does it permit? | When the stomach is empty, mucosa lies in these folds. Permits expansion of the lining without tearing it. |
| What does the muscularis layer of the stomach permit? | Permits greater churning & mixing of food w/gastric juice |
| What substances make up gastric juice and when is it secreted? | Mucus, pepsinogen, gastrin, & hydrochloric acid. It is secreted in small amounts at the sight or smell of food. |
| What do mucous cells secrete and what is it's function? | Secretes mucus. It coats the stomach lining and helps prevent erosion by gastric juice |
| What do chief cells secrete and what is it's function? | Secretes pepsinogen. HCI actives pepsingogen into active pepsin. Begins protein digestion. |
| What do G cells (endocrine cells) secrete and what is it's function? | Secretes gastrin. Regulates gastric activity |
| What do parietal cells secrete and what is it's function? | Secretes HCI hydrochloric acid. Coverts pepsinogen to pepsin to begin protein digestion. |
| What food substance begins digestion in the stomach? | Proteins |
| What major events occur in the small intestine? | Digestion & absorption |
| Name the 3 divisions of the small intestine | Duodenuem, jejunum, & ileum |
| Define circular folds and their functions | Folds of mucosa & submucosa. Function is to enhance absorption by increasing surface area and cause chyme to spiral rather than move in a straight line in the small intestine. |
| What is a lateal? | A blood capillary network & a lymph capillary inside the villi |
| Define microvilli & functions | Projection on free surface of villi called brush border. Functions to increase surface area of plasma membrane & contains brush border enzymes that help digest nutrients. |
| Define segmentation | Major movement of the small intestine is a localized contraction in areas containing food. Mix chyme w/digestive juices & bring it into contact w/mucosa for absorption |
| Define peristalsis | Propels the chyme onward through the intestinal tract. Occurs after most of the food has been absorbed. |
| What are the 4 main parts of the large intestine? | Cecum, colon, rectum, & the anal canal |
| What are the main functions of the large intestine? | Absorption of water & electrolytes & elimination of waste products |
| What vitamins are made in the large intestine & by what? | Bacteria produce vitamin K & B in the colon |
| List the 3 types of salivary glands and their location | 1) Parotid: located just below & in front of ears 2) Submandibular: located posterior corners of the mandible 3) Sublingual: located below the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue |
| What are the functions of water in saliva? | Helps dissolve and allow taste |
| What are the functions of salivary amylase? | Digestive enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch |
| What are the functions of lingual lipase? | Digestive enzyme that breaks down long chain triglycerides into short chain triglycerides |
| What are the functions of mucus in saliva? | Lubricates food |
| What are the function of lysozyme in saliva? | Enzyme that kills bacteria |
| Briefly describe how the ANS controls salivation | Parasympathetic promotes continuous secretion to keep mouth & throat moist and lubricates movements of tongue & lips during speech. Sympathetic inhibits salivation during stress (dry mouth) |
| What cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic juice? | Acini |
| What structure does the common bile duct deliver pancreatic juice to? | Duodenum |
| What does pancreatic juice consist of? | Water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, & enzymes |
| What pancreatic enzyme digests starch? | Pancreatic amylase |
| What pancreatic enzyme digests triglycerides? | Pancreatic lipase |
| What pancreatic enzyme digests protein? | Trypsin |
| Where is the gallbladder located and what is it's function? | It hangs behind the liver. It stores bile until needed in the small intestine. |
| What is the heaviest & one of the largest organs in the body? | Liver |
| What substance does the liver produce & what is it's digestive function? | Bile is produced in the liver. Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine. Mechanical digestion. |
| For carbohydrate metabolism, what component in the blood does the liver maintain? | Maintains normal blood glucose levels by storing glucose as glycogen when levels are high & releases glucose when levels are low |
| For lipid metabolism what types of lipids does the liver make? | Synthesizes cholesterol & used to make bile salts, synthesizes lipoproteins to transport fats in blood to other tissues, and breaks down fatty acids for ATP |
| What are plasma proteins made by the liver used for in the blood? | Utilized in the clotting mechanism and immune system |
| Describe how the liver detoxes the body | Detoxifies harmful substances into bile and inactivates thyroid & steroid hormones |
| What does bilirubin come from? | Comes from broken down RBCs |
| What vitamins & minerals are stored in the liver and which vitamin does it activate? | Stores vitamins A, D, E, K, & minerals iron & copper. It activates vitamin D. |
Created by:
khawkin
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