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A&P Ch 19 Kuntzman
Somatic & Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the word for each type of sensation such as pain, touch, vision or hearing | Sensory Modality |
| List 2 classes of sensory modalities | 1) Somatic 2) Visceral |
| What types of sensations are somatic? | 1) Tactile (touch, pressure, vibration) 2) Thermal (warm, cold) 3) Pain 4) Proprioceptive (joints, muscles) |
| What types of sensations are visceral? | Ones that provide info about conditions w/in internal organs |
| What type of sensations are special? | 1) Smell 2) Taste 3) Vision 4) Hearing 5) Balance |
| How are sensory receptors selective? | They only respond to one type of stimulus |
| Describe sensory adaptation | The ability of receptors to change their sensitivity to stimuli. Receptor's job is to monitor changes in the env't not the continuous level of a stimulant. |
| Describe the structure & type of stimuli free nerve endings respond to | Simple bare dendrites respond to pain, temp, tickle, itch, & touch |
| Describe the structure & type of stimuli encapsulated nerve endings respond to | Receptors for pressure, vibration, & touch |
| Describe the structure & type of stimuli separate sensory cells respond to | Synapse w/sensory neurons (i.e. hair cells in inner ear), vision, taste, hearing, & balance |
| What do exteroceptor monitor? | External surfaces of the body. Monitor external env't. Hearing, vision, smell, taste, pressure, vibration, temp., & pain |
| What do interoceptors monitor? | Inside the body (blood vessels, viscera, muscles, nervous system). Monitors internal env't - not consciously perceived |
| What do proprioceptors monitor? | Muscles, tendons, joints, & inner ear. Monitors body position, muscle length, tension, & joint movements |
| What do mechanoreceptors monitor? | Mechanical stimuli. Deformation, stretching, or bending of cells. Touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, & balance. |
| What do thermoreceptors monitor? | Changes in temperature |
| What do nociceptors monitor? | Pain stimuli from physical or chemical damage to the skin |
| What do photoreceptors monitor? | Light stimuli as it strikes the retina of the eye |
| What do chemoreceptors monitor? | Chemical stimuli in mouth, nose, & body fluids (taste, smell) |
| What do osmoreceptors monitor? | Water pressure of body fluids |
| Define sensation | Body is aware of external or internal stimuli either consciously or subconsciously |
| Define perception and when does it occur? | Sensations that reach the cerebral cortex & we are consciously aware of stimuli & interpreting |
| Describe the events that occur for a sensation to take place | 1) Stimulus (change in env't) 2) Nerve impulse conducted to CNS for integration 3) Integration = sensation |
| Where do cutaneous sensations occur? | Skin surface |
| What sensations are considered tactile? | Touch, pressure, vibration, itch, & tickle |
| Define crude touch | Ability to perceive that something has simply touched the skin |
| What touch receptor responds to crude touch? | Hair root plexus |
| Define discriminative touch | Fine touch. Provides specific info about a touch sensation such as location, shape, size, & texture of stimulus |
| What receptors respond to fine touch? | Merkel's Disc (fingertips, hands, lips, genitals) |
| What do Ruffini corpuscles respond to? | Sensitive to stretching as digits or limbs are moved |
| Define pressure | Sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch. |
| What receptors detect pressure? | Lamellated Pacinian corpuscle |
| Define vibration | Sensations from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors (Meissner's & Pacinian) |
| How do Pacinian and Meissner's corpuscles react to pressure & vibration? | Pacinian detects high frequency vibrations. Meissner's detect low frequency vibrations. |
| Define itch | Sensation from stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals (local inflammatory response) |
| Define tickle | Only sensation you can't elicit on yourself. Receptors are free nerve endings & lamellated pacinian corpuscles. |
| What are thermoreceptors in the body? | Free nerve endings |
| How are pain receptors involved in temperature? | Pain receptors are stimulated below temperatures of 50 degrees and over 118 degrees rather than thermoreceptors |
| What stimulates pain receptors? | Nociceptors are free nerve endings |
| What type of pain are there? | Fast, slow, superficial somatic, deep somatic, and visceral |
| Define referred pain | Pain arises from visceral organs but is projected to come from the skin's surface |
| What is phantom pain? | Sensations in a limb that is amputated |
| What do proprioceptive sensations enable us? | Allow us to know where our body parts are & how they are moving |
| Define kinesthesia | Perception of body movements |
| What do muscle spindles & tendon organs monitor? | Muscle length |
| Define odorants | Vaporized chemicals sniffed into nasal cavities |
| Where is the olfactory epithelium located in the nose? | In the superior portion |
| Describe the olfactory pathway after chemicals stimulate the olfactory receptors | 1) Olfactory receptors generate impulse 2) Olfactory nerves carry impulse thru ethmoid bone to olfactory bulbs 3) Olfactory tract carries impulse to the olfactory areas of temporal lobes |
| List the 5 primary tastes | 1) Sweet 2) Salty 3) Sour 4) Savory 5) Bitter |
| Define tastants | Chemical dissolved substance that contacts taste hairs |
| Where is the gustatory receptor cells located on the tongue? | Taste buds |
| Describe the gustatory pathway after chemicals stimulate the gustatory receptors | 1) Impulse triggered in sensory neurons that innervate taste buds 2) From taste buds impulse travels along cranial nerves to medulla oblongata 3) From medulla, impulse travels to limbic system, hypothalamus, & thalamus |
| Name the 3 cranial nerves involved in taste | VII Facial, IX glossopharyngeal, & X Vagus |
| How does the limbic system affect smell & taste? | Tast signals from the thalamus go to gustatory area in the parietal lobe of cerebral cortex. Provides conscious perception of taste. |
| Describe the functions of the eyelids | Shade eyes during sleep & protect eye from excessive light and foreign objects, spread lubricant secretion over eyeball by blinking |
| Describe the function of eye lashes and brows | Helps protect eyes from foreign objects, perspiration, and sun light |
| What is conjunctiva? | Thin protective mucous membrane that covers the eye |
| Where are tears produced? | Lacrimal apparatus |
| Where do tears drain into from the nasolacrimal duct? | Drains into the nasal cavity |
| Describe the consistency & function of tears | Mostly water & contains salts, mucous, & lysozyme. Protects, cleans, lubricates, and moistens |
| Describe the fibrous tunic of the eyeball | Anterior cornea (clear covering) and posterior scelera (thick white covering) |
| Describe choroid | Posterior part of the eye. Lines most of the internal surface of scelera. Contains blood vessels & dark blue pigment that absorbs light w/in eyeball & prevents glare. |
| Describe ciliary muscle | Circular muscle that surrounds the edge of the lens. Connected to lens by suspensory ligaments. |
| Describe the lens of the eye | Transparent elastic protein w/no capillaires. Shape is changed by ciliary muscle, adapting for near/far vision. Fine tunes the focusing of light rays for clear vision. |
| Describe the iris of the eye | Circular colored part in front of the lens. Regulates amount of light entering thru pupil (the hole) |
| Describe the retina of the eye | 3rd & inner coat of eyeball. Contains visual receptors (rods & cones). Permits us to see shapes & movement |
| Describe rods of the eye | Toward the edge of retina. Black & white vision in dim light. Discriminates between shades of dark & light. See shapes & movement. |
| Describe cones of the eye | Detects colors Located in the center of the retina |
| Describe the Macula Lutea of the eye | Where there's an abundance of cones Behind the center of the lens |
| Describe the central fovea of the eye | Small depression in macula lutea Contains only cones Area of highest resolution |
| Describe the optic disc of the eye | Site where optic II nerve exits the eyeball No rods or cones Blind spot |
| What chambers are found in the eye? | Anterior cavity: filled with aqueous humor Posterior cavity: filled with vitreous humor |
| What is the tissue fluid of the eye? | Aqueous humor |
| What function does aqueous humor have and how often is it replaced? | 1) Maintains shape of eyeball 2) Supplies oxygen & nutrients to lens & cornea 3) It's replaced every 90 minutes |
| Describe vitreous humor | 1) It's between the lens & retina 2) Jellylike 3) Keeps retina in place to the choroid so retina will form clear images |
| Define refraction of light | Bending of light as it passes from one object to another of greater or lesser density |
| Describe accommodation | Increase curvature of the lens Lens focuses on near objects Looking at distant objects, lens is elongated & thin Looking a near objects, lens is a small circle & the middle bulges |
| How does the pupil influence near vision? | The pupil constricts |
| Describe the visual pathway | 1) Light penetrates retina 2) Stimulates rods & cones 3) Impulses transmitted to ganglion 4) Ganglion cells converge at optic disc & become optic nerve leaving the blind spot 5) Converge at optic chisma 6) Impulses transmitted to visual cortex |
| Describe binocular vision | Each eye transmits a slightly different picture. The primary visual cortex integrates them into a single image |
| What structures are in the outer ear? | 1) Auricle/pinna 2) Ear canal/external auditory meatus 3) Tympanic membran/eardrum |
| What structures are found in the middle ear? | 1) Malleus 2) Incus 3) Stapes |
| What is the function of the eustachian tube? | 1) Permits air to enter & leave middle ear cavity 2) helps equalize pressure |
| What structures are in the inner ear? | 1) Cochlea 2) Semicircular canals |
| Where is the organ of corti located in the inner ear? | Cochlear duct |
| Where are the stererocilli or receptors for hearing located? | Organ of corti - hair cells |
| Where is the tectorial membrane located? | Cochlear duct overhanging hair cells |
| Describe the process of hearing after sound waves enter the ear canal. | 1) Vibrations transmitted 2) Auricle collects sound waves 3) Eardrum & ossicles vibrate 4) Stapes pushes on oval window producing waves 5) Hair cells move against tectorial membrane 6) Impulse generates from hair 7) Impulse carried to brain by 8th n |
| What membranous sacs are found in the vestibule? | Utricle & Saccule |
| What do otoliths look like? | Tiny crystals |
| How does gravity affect hair cells & what information do they provide? | Gravity pulls on otoliths & bends hair cells as the position of the head changes. Provides awareness. |
| What structures contain ampulla? | Base of the semicircular canals |
| What are hair cells in the ampulla affected by? | Affected by movement |
| What parts of the brain maintain balance? | Cerebellum & midbrain |
| What part of the brain provides awareness? | Cerebrum |
Created by:
khawkin
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