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Lang of Medi Ch 10
Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cerebrum | thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory |
| thalamus | relay station ("triage center") for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness |
| hypothalmus | body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland |
| cerebellum | coordination of voluntary movements and balance |
| pons | connection of nerves (to the eyes and face) |
| Medulla oblongata | nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system. |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells. |
| afferent nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). Afferent comes from af- (a form of ad-, meaning toward) and -ferent (meaning carrying). |
| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| astrocyte | type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries |
| autonomic nervous system | nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| axon | microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| blood-brain barrier | blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out. |
| brainstem | lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata. |
| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus. |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain. |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| cranial nerves | twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve). |
| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse. |
| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. (Latin for hard mother) |
| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve. |
| ependymal cell | glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid. |
| ganglion (plural: ganglia) | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. |
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
| gyrus (plural; gyri) | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortix; convolution. |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite,l body temperature,a nd secretions from the pituitary gland. |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breating, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here. |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| microglial cell | phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products form the central nervous system. |
| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve. |
| myelin sheath | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. It speeds impulse conduciton along axons. |
| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses. |
| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body. |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimuloates or inhibits another cell, whicnh can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte. |
| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary, automatic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of gastrointestinal tract. |
| parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves. |
| pia mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of teh meninges. |
| plexus (plural; plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. Ex: lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses. |
| pons | part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain. |
| receptor | organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on the afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors. |
| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower let, and foot. |
| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from the receptor; afferent nerve. |
| spinal nerves | thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. |
| stimulus (plural: stimuli) | agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain. |
| sulcus (plural: sulci) | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure. |
| sympathetic nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress. |
| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| thalamus | main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed thru the it to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. |
| vagus nerve | tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Latin = wandering. |
| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gli/o | glial cells |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| mening/o, meningi/o | membranes, meninges |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| pont/o | pons |
| radicul/o | nerve root (of spinal nerves) |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath (refers to the meninges |
| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) |
| alges/o, -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | pain |
| caus/o | burninig |
| comat/o | deep sleep (coma) |
| esthesi/o, -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation |
| kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic | movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| lex/o | word, phrase |
| -paresis | weakness |
| -phasia | speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -praxia | action |
| -sthenia | strength |
| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short |
| tax/o | order, coordination |
| spina bifida | congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect. |
| alzheimer disease (AD) | brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia),personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig Disease) | degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. |
| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. |
| palsy | paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) |
| Parkinson disease (parkinsonism) | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occuring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of mevement. |
| herpes zoster (shingles) | viral infection affecting peripheral nerves. |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges: leptomeningitis. |
| HIV encephalopathy | brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS. |
| absence seizure | minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings. |
| aneurysm | enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke). |
| astrocytoma | malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells). |
| aura | peculiar symptom or sensation occuring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure. |
| dementia | mantal decline and detoriation. |
| demyelination | destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in MS) |
| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease. |
| embolus | clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel |
| gait | manner of walking |
| ictal event | pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulstions of an epileptic seizure. |
| occlusion | blockage |
| palliative | relieving symptons but not curing them. |
| thymectomy | removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as a treatment for myasthenia gravis |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| tic | involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic or Toureet syndrome. |
| tonic-clonic seizure | major (grand mal) convulsife seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements. |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | samples of CSF are examined. |
| cerebral angiography | xray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material. |
| computed tomography (CT) of the brain | xray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord. |
| myelography | xray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachoid space |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord. |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of the cells. |
| doppler ultrasound studies | sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis |
| stereotactic radiosurgery | use of a specialized instrujment to locate and treat targets in the brain. |
| CSF cerebrospinal fluid |
Created by:
lauraj5
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