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Basic Integumentary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the functions of the integumentary system | sensory perception, protection, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir, vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation |
| 2 tissues that make up skin | epidermis and dermis |
| the epidermis is ________ tissue | Epithelial |
| the 4 cell types that make up the epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel, langerhans |
| cell responsible for the formation of keratin | keratinocytes |
| cell is responsible for the formation of melanin | melanocytes |
| a role of langerhans cells | immune response |
| a role of merkel cells | sensory perception (touch) |
| layer of the epidermis composed of newly formed keratinocytes, melanocytes, and a high concentration of Langerhans' cells | stratum spinosum |
| layer of the epidermis composed of dying keratinocytes and acts as a water-repelling sealant slowing the loss of body fluids | stratum granulosum |
| the deepest epidermal layer, produces new keratinocytes | stratum basale |
| the most superficial layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinocytes | stratum corneum |
| the two dermis layers | Papillary and Reticular |
| The thin layer of dermis containing a woven mat of collagen and rich in elastic fibers, responbible for 'fingerprints' | Papillary |
| The dense irregular connective tissue layer of the dermis, made up of coarse elastic fibers, containing sweat glands, hair follicles | Reticular |
| Name the three pigment skin color. | Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin |
| the pigment that is yellow to reddish-brown to black in color | melanin |
| the fat reservoir that is just underneath, but not a part of, the skin | the hypodermis |
| some of the roles of the hypodermis | fat storage reservoir, supplies blood to the skin, an energy reserve, insulating layer |
| example of the skin function of excretion | sweating |
| an example of the skin function of sensory perception | touch / pressure / pain / sense of heat and cool |
| the dermis is ___________ tissue | connective |
| the function of the collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region of the dermis | provides the skin with strength, elasticity, extensibility |
| The epidermis and dermis are both highly _________ with sensory and motor neurons | innervated |
| While the dermis is ___________ , the epidermis is _____________ | vascularized , avascular |
| some of the exocrine glands associated with the skin | sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary |
| Where sebaceous glands are NOT found | The palms and soles. |
| sebaceous glands are located... | In the dermis. |
| The oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands | Sebum. |
| What are sudoriferous glands...where are they mostly found...and name two types .... | Sweat glands, found in the dermis and hypodermis, two types are eccrine and apocrine |
| the two main functions of the eccrine sweat glands | To regulate body temperature through water evaporation, and to eliminate small amounts of metabolic waste |
| When apocrine sweat glands are activated | At puberty |
| stimulators of the secretory functions of the apocrine sweat glands | Emotional stress and sexual excitement |
| Where are ceruminous glands located, and what do they do? | in the external ear, they produce a waxy secretion called cerumen |
| Where are mammary glands found, what are they responsible for? | Associated to the female reproductive system, responsible for production and secretion of milk |
| 'normal' body temperature? | Approximately 37*C |
| Define THERMOREGULATION | the homeostatic regulation of body temperature (an equilibrium between the amount of heat produced by the body and the amount of heat dissipated in the environment) |
| Name 4 levels (stratum) of the epidermis | corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| some of the hypothalamus' responses to a rise in body heat | blood vessel vasodilation, increase sweating (by eccrine glands), increase heart rate to speed up blood flow, increase respiratory rate |
| some of the hypothalamus' responses to a loss in body heat | blood vessel vasoconstriction, inhibiting sweat glands (eccrine), stimulate muscles to shiver, trigger goosebumps, slow cardiac and respiratory rate |
| physiological effects of massage on the integumentary system | increase in skin temperature and suppleness, increase oxygen and nutrient supply, stimulates transit of metabolic waste, breaks adhesions, realigns collagen fibers, desensitize sensory receptors, lubricates and hydrates |
| gives skin a yellow/orange pigment | carotene |
| gives skin a yellow-ish white to pink pigment | hemaglobin |
| functions of keratin | protects skin from heat and pathogens, aids to waterproof |
| function of melanin | produce pigment and absorb UV rays |
| function of merkel cells | sense perception (touch) |
| function of langerhans | participate in skin immune response |
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