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rhetorical theory
first exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 major sophists | gorgias protagoras |
| protagoras | influenced plato and aristotle democratized arete "man is the measure of all things" |
| gorgias | gave sophist bad rep; schemata |
| enthymeme | partial syllogism |
| artistic proofs | ethos, pathos, logos |
| inartistic proofs | do not need to be persuasive because they are fact |
| persuasive contexts | forensic, deliberative, epideictic |
| forensic | resolve issue |
| deliberative | future |
| epideictic | praise/blame |
| topoi | topics for common ground vary by time and culture |
| plato | truth is absolute |
| dialectic | arriving at truth through dialogue |
| syllogism | certain premises are made and a conclusion follows |
| isocrotes | lost his fortune in Peloponnesian war. logon paideia |
| cicero | roman statesman idolized greek |
| 5 cannons | cicero; 1.invention 2.arrangement 3.style 4.delivery 5.memory |
| invention canon | forensic, deliberative, epideictic |
| arrangement cannon | introduction, narration, proposition, division, confirmation, rebuttal, conclusion |
| style cannon | grand, middle, simple |
| delivery cannon | voice quality, body movement |
| quintillian | school for rhetoric must have good character to be persuasive |
| st. augustine | wrote christian doctrine combined teachings of aristotle, plato, and JC to christianity |
| longinus | developed sublime: lift audience out of their seats |
| hugh blair | belletristic movement: taste- power of receiving pleasure from beauty |
| thomas sheridan | elocutionary movement: articulation, pronunciation, accent, pause, emphasis, tone, gesture |
| john locke | tabla rasa: we are born as a blank slate |
| francis bacon | 4 fallacies: idols of the tribe, idols of the marketplace, idols of the cave, idols of the theater |
| stephen toulmin | model of practical argument |
| modern syllogism | claim, grounds, warrant |
| sub-parts of modern syllogism | backing, qualifier, rebuttal |
| chaim perelman | universal audience vs. particular audience |
| Richard whately | presumption, burden of proof, refutation |
| whately's presumption | status quo, assumed accurate until proven wrong |
| whately's burden of proof | critical of status quo, person must provide adequate argument |
| whately's Refutation | 2: contrary evidence/locating logical fallacies; turning the tables |
| C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards | semantic triangle, basic english |
| Semantic triangle | symbols, thoughts, referents |
| Basic English | 850 words |
| Alfred Korzybski | general semantics, maps |
| General Semantics | words structure experience, but not the same as experience; words are not the objects they represent |
| Map | inner perceptions of persons or things and not true territories; signal response: we assume maps for territories |
| Extensional devices | indexing, dating, time frame, quotations |
| indexing | categorizing with specific information |
| dating | time frame |
| quotation marks | particular meaning (slang) |
| George Herbert Mead | symbolic interation |
| Symbolic Interaction | mind, self, society, generalized other, significant other |
| mind | using significant symbols |
| self | ability to respond to ourselves as objects |
| society | collection of people who share common meanings for symbols |
| generalized other | how others see us |
| significant other | influential person gives feedback |
| Susanne Langer | discursive vs. presentational rhetoric |
| discursive | linear display of grammatical words and symbols |
| presentational rhetoric | not reducible to symbols (art, music, visual imagery) |
| Richard Weaver | dialectic, rhetoric, orders of knowledge, ultimate terms |
| weaver's Dialectic and rhetoric | dialectic used to find truths; rhetoric moves audience to action |
| weaver's Orders of Knowledge | order of facts; statements about facts; statements about statements |
| weaver's Ultimate terms | God, Devil, Charismatic |
| Robert Scott | Rhetoric as Epistemic-truth with a small t; truth cannot be static in an ever-changing world |
| Kenneth Burke | identification, action and motion, guilt/hierarchy/perfection, pentad |
| burke's Identification | Direct: shared traits; us-them: shared enemy; subtle: “us” “we” |
| burke's Action and Motion | action: based on symbols, no action w/o motion; motion: non-symbolic |
| burke's Guilt/hierarchy/perfection-guilt | tragic redemption: mortification (admit), scapegoat (elimination of individual/group); hierarchy: order and drive for perfection, mystery, negative makes it possible |
| burke's Pentad | act, scene, agent, agency, purpose |
| pentad act | description of what takes place |
| pentad scene | background/context of act |
| pentad agent | person performing the act |
| pentad agency | means of accomplishing the act |
| pentad purpose | reason for doing the act |
| Walter Fisher | Narrative Coherence and Fidelity-All humans are story tellers; audience determines credibility of story |
| Earnest Bormann | Symbolic Convergence Theory-group consciousness; fantasy: |
| Scott’s four main time periods of rhetoric (ch 1) | Ancient Greece, rome, byzantine, architectonic |
| Epistemology | limitations of human mind |
| Enlightenment | science and reason over mythology and religion |
| Belletristic movement | focus on taste, blair |
| Elocutionary movement | delivery of spoken word, sheriden |
| Linguistic reflexivity | constantly reflecting on the way we use language; |
| dichotomies | grey area, words do not directly correlate with symbols |
| Muted group theory | Cheris Kramarae: women are forced to experience the world from men’s language |
| Artes Dictaminis | art of letter writing |
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tub97696
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