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Nutan's T2
TAMHSC Nutans Pharmaceutics Test II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reactants | -dc/dt |
| products | dc/dt |
| general rate equation | -dc/dt=kC^n |
| zero rate equation | Co-Cf=kt |
| first order | ln Cf/Co=kt |
| second order | (1/Cf)-(1/Co)=kt |
| Arrhenius 1 | ln K1 = ln A -Ea/RT |
| Arrhenius 2 | ln K2/K1=Ea/R*(1/T2-1/T1) |
| Newton's law of flow 1 | F'/A=n(dv/dr) |
| Newton's law of flow 2 | n=F/G |
| Fluidity | o=1/n |
| kinematic viscosity | kv=n/p |
| Mechanism of Degradation | Physical, Chemical, Microbiological |
| Chemical | Isomeration, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Photolysis, Epimerization |
| Hydrolysis | most important cause of drug degradation |
| Solvolysis | cosolvents involved; under hydrolysis |
| hydrolysis ex. | ester, salt, amide, lactone, lactam |
| factors hydrolysis | Temp., pH, Water content |
| minimize hydrolysis | tight containers, ph adj., non water soluble drugs, replace/reduce water content, lyophilization, refridgerate |
| oxidation | +O, -e, -H+ (gaine electronegative radicals, lose electro positive or electron) |
| autooxidation | Complex reaction via free radical mechanism |
| free radical | highly unstable, highly reactive, one/more unpaired electrons |
| free radical trace amounts | heavy metals, peroxides, atmostpheric oxygen |
| free radical steps | intiation, propagation, termination |
| initiation | R-R -> R + R |
| Propagation | R +O2 ->ROO ROO + R-R ->ROOR + R |
| Termination | R + R -> RR or R+ROO ->ROOR |
| factors affecting oxidation | Concentration, Radiation, Temperature, Catalysts, PH |
| Minimize oxidation | antioxidents |
| antioxidents | negative catalysts, prevent via free radicals (oxidized pref.) |
| Oxidation Aq. examples | Sulfites/Sulfates |
| Oxidation Oil Examples | BHA, BHT |
| Synergists | increast activity of antioxidants |
| Synergists Ex. | EDTA derivatives, Citric |
| photolysis | UV, IR, visibile degradation |
| amber bottle | UV protection |
| Racemization | l to d and vice versa |
| Polymorphism | different solubility, dissolution rate, melting point |
| rate of reaction | rate, velocity, speed of reaction over time |
| law of mass action | rate of chemic reaction proportional to product of malar concentration of reactants ^power=molecules |
| molecularity of reaction | total number of moleucles, atoms, or ions reacting in an elementary process |
| molecularity importance | not much |
| Order of reaction | sum of exponents |
| calculate reaction order | hard unless experimentally determined |
| half life | 1/2 gone |
| shelf life | 10% gone |
| order can be... | 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, etc. |
| zero order independence | reactant concentration |
| zero order constant | rate |
| units zero order | mole/L/time (M/time) |
| first order reaction | rate of drug loss=remaining drug concentration |
| first order reaction rate | not constant |
| first order units | time-1 |
| second order units | liter/mole/time (M-1 time -1) |
| pseudo order | apparent order reaction; one more than other to no effect rate |
| Arrhenius does | describe collision theory of effect of temperature on reaction rates |
| A= | arrhenium factor or freq. factor |
| Ea | energy of activation |
| R | cal/degree/mol |
| Ea | cal/mol |
| A | time-1 |
| AST | increase rate of chemical degredation or physical change-exaggerated storage conditions |
| stress testing | under more severe conditions that AST |
| stress testing tests | meter-dosed inhalers, creams, emulsions, regrigerated aqueous liquid products |
| interface | boundary between 2 or more hertogeneous systems |
| liquid surface | liquid-gas |
| solid surface | solid-gas |
| surface tension | force/unit length, parallel to surface |
| surface tension units | dynes/cm or Newton/meter |
| surface free energy | excess of potential energy in surface molecules |
| f | force applied |
| L | length of film |
| surface tension B | surface free energy change/unit area increase |
| surface tension C | work required to create new interface |
| Surface free energey | erg (dye-cm) or Joule (Newton-Meter) |
| 1 Newton | 10^5 dynes |
| 1 Joule | 10^7 ergs |
| adsorption | added molecules partitioned to interface (positive) |
| negative adsorption | materials are partitioned in favor of bulk |
| surface active agents/surfactants | amphiphilic; reduce interfacial energy |
| adsorbent | adsorb other molecules |
| adsorbate | item adsorbed |
| physical adsorption | van der waals, reversible (desorption) |
| chemisorption | irreverisible, chemical bonds |
| Rhelogy | study of flows of liquids; deformation of solids; viscosity of powders, fluids, semisolids |
| viscosity | resistence to flow in fluids (heterogeneous solutions-no describe) |
| newtonion flow system | follows newtonian flow |
| non-newtonian flow system | does not follow newtonian flow |
| shearing stress | F`/A=F |
| Rate of Shear | n(dv/dr)=G |
| viscous unitys | g/cm/sec or poise |
| poise | shearing force required to produce velocity 1 cm/second |
| fluidity | reciprocal of viscosity |
| kinematic viscosity | stroke |
| newtonian systems | constant viscosity, regardless of shear rate applied |
| newtonian systems ex. | simple solutions |
| plastic flow aka | bingham bodies |
| plastic flow | yield value |
| plastic flow ex. | flocculated concetrated suspensions |
| pseudoplastic flow | no yield, flow incresases, visc decresases with increasing rate of shear |
| shear thinning system | decreased viscousness, increase rate of shear |
| pseudoplastic ex. | polymer dispersions and unknown flocculated suspensions |
| Dilatant flow | no yield value, shear thickening system, |
| shear thickening system | as viscous increases, so does rate of shear, flow decreases |
| dilatant flow ex. | deflocullated particals and high conc. suspension |
| thixotropy | plastic/pseudoplastic; back up liquid |
| antithixotropy (negative thixotropy) | down more viscous |
| water soluble form | drugs can not pass through lipid membranes |
| lipid-water partition coefficient | nonpolar (membrane)/aq. buffer (plasma) ph_7.4 |
| inc. polarity, | inc. ionization, decrease P.C |
| dec. polarity | dec. ionization, increase P.C |
| sub/buccal good | rapid absorption, drug stavility, avoid first pass |
| sub/buccal bad | incovenient, small doses, unpleasent taste of some drugs |
| oral good | convenient, systemic absorption, economical |
| oral bad | variable absorption, slow onset, innefficient, irritation (Gastric mucosa-N/V), destruction, too slow for ER, unpleasant tate, no unconciuos, first pass via portal vien |
| rectal-good & bad | unconcious, N/V, no first pass, easy terminate, absorption variable, lax. |
| IV | 100% bioavailable, precise, pain free, large doses, (higher concent. attarined rapidly, embolism, difficult to withdraw) |
| IM | rapid for aq., slow for oil (depot therapy), pain, 5mL max |
| SC | slow, limited by blood flow, vasoconstrict slow, 2mL max |
| inhalation | gaseous, volitale, rapid access |
| topical | dermal local, transermal, no first pass, |
| choice ROA | disease (local, systemic, rapid, slow), age, physico-chemical characterisitics (solubility, stablity), Pharmacokinetics (KADME) |
| solution good | compliance, bioavailability, enteral, nursing home patients, administration, less dose variation, avoid irritation |
| solution bad | measure dose, least stable, preservation required, poor soluble, light sensitive, bulky, not easy transportable, expensive to make |
| purified water | <0.001% residue |
| purified water methods | distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis |
| alcohol USP | 94.9%-96 v/v; alcohol and water soluble; >15% antimicrobial, toxic effects in children |
| diluted alcohol USP | mix equal water and alcohol; 3% shrinkage |
| rubbing alcohol | 70%v/v, ehtyl alcohol, denaturant, color, perfume, oils, stabilizers, rubefacient, soothing rub, germicide, skin cleanser, vehicle |
| isopropyl alchol | 70% v/v, NO denatureant, rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle, disinfect skin (no germicide) |
| Glycerin USP | sweet syrup, miscible liquid and alcohol, high viscous, drug slowly dissolve, preservative, stabilizer |
| Polyhydric alcohols | Propylen Glycol (w/ water and alcohol), viscous liquid, fixed oil vegetiable origins |
| acid preservatives | methyl paraben, propyl paraben |
| sucrose | low mw carbs, colorless, highly soluble, increase viscous, pleasent texture, ph 4-8, with sorbitol, glycerin, polyols (prevent recystalize/caplock) |
| liquid glucose | viscous liquid, dextrose, dextrings, maltose, partial hydrolysis of starch |
| liquid glucose is aka | corn syrup, glucose syrup, starch syrup |
| saccharin | sodium and calcium salts, supplement sugars and polyols or alone |
| sacchrin | 250-500X sweet but bitter aftertaste, stable over wide PH, |
| aspartame | 200X sweet than sucrose, no aftertaste, nutritive value |
| viscous enhancer | improve palatability, modify pourability |
| viscous enhance ex. | sucrose providone, cellulose |
| flavors | menthol, chloroform, MSG |
| MSG | enhance flavors, reduce metallic tase, bitter taste, aftertaste, no pediatrics |
| Menthol, chloroform | desensitize taste bud |
| oral solution | mild volume depletion, Na, K, Cl, citrate, dextrose |
| oral solution examples | pedialyte, ricelyte, rehydrate |
| oral colonic lavage | PEG |
| PEG | osmotic agent |
| balanced electrolye concentration | no net change of electrolytes or water |
| oral colonic lavage example | colyte, trilye, golytely |
| mg citrate | saline cathartic |
| na citrate | systemic alkalinizer |
| mouthwashes/gargles | antiseptice, analgesics, deodorant, astringents |
| mouthwash ex. | listerine, peridex, isodine |
| syrups | 85% sugar, fully preserved, vehicle, sweetening agent, |
| elixiers | hydroalcoholic, Glycerine propylene glycol (adj. solvents), less sweet and viscous than syrups, pref. over syrup manu., heat and light protect |
| tinctures | alcholic and hyrdoalcoholic from VEGETABLE materials, 15-80% alcohol, self-preserving, light resitant, air-tight containers |
| aromatic waters | aq. solution, sat. volatile or aromatic compounds, "oils" |
| spirits | alcoholic, hydroalcoholic solution, oral and topic, camphor spirit |
| burows solution | AQ, aluminim acetate, wet dressing, dermatologil, tablets and packets |
| peroxide | AQ, 2.5-3.5%; local inti-infective, solution degrades light and heat |
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | AQ, 4% solution, skin wound and general skin cleanser, pre-op skin prep; broad spectrum antiseptic |
| Betadine solution | AQ; providine-iodine, ioding with PVP, 10% available iodine, surgical scrub, non-irritating antiseptic solution |
| compound benzoin tincture | NAQ, 10%benzoin, skin protecant, inhalent, vehicle for podophyllum delivery, tight light resistant containers |
| liniments | NAQ, alcoholic, oligenous olution, counterirritant, rubefacient, oil=massage; tight container |
| collodions | NAQ; 4% pyroxylin; 3:1 ether:alcohol; flammible, occlusive protective coating on skin; protec light and temp., well closed |
| Flexible collodion | topical, 2% camphor, 3% castor oil, camphor-waterproof, castor oil-flexible |
| salicyclic acid colloidion | topical, 10% salicyclic acid; keratolytic, white petroleum to protect |
Created by:
Alexia4
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