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Anthropology
111
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archaeology | The study of past societies and cultures. Material remains such as tools, food, remains and where they lived. |
| Physical/Biological Anthropology | the study of human evolution and variation both past and current. physical characteristics, evolution of humans through the study of primates. |
| Linguistic Anthropology | The study of language, how language is structured, evolution of languages, social and cultural context of language |
| Cultural Anthropology | The study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past. Living cultures |
| Ethnography | Writing about a people or cultural group Fieldwork conducted by Anthropologist |
| Ethnology | The study of specific human groups |
| Ethnocentrism | attitude people have about their own culture - natural, normal, necessary. different cultures may be bizarre to what one is accustom to. |
| Cultural relativism | principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. |
| Applied Anthropology | Application of Anthropological concepts and theories discovered by four branches of anthropology to everyday problems (economics, world issues, etc) |
| Capabilities and Habits | What one is capable of doing based on resources and knowledge what one tends to do based on habit, doing over and over again |
| Symbols and Symbolic Anthropology | Symbol - something that stands for something else. Central to language and culture. Symbolic Anthropology - theoretical position that focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members. |
| Enculturation | the process of learning to be a member of a particular culture group |
| Norms and Values | What is normal to one culture what one culture is based one - religious values, social values etc |
| Organic Analogy | Comparison of societies to living organisms |
| Shared Understandings | Natural communication, cooperative problem solving have to rely on shared knowledge. The knowledge contained in the shared knowledge base does not have to be explicitly communicated. |
| Distributed Knowledge | Distributed knowledge is a term used in multi-agent system research that refers to all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem |
| Interpertive Anthropology | a theoretical position in anthropology that focuses on using humanistic methods such as those found in the analysis of literature, to analyze culture and discover the meaning of culture to its participants |
| Postmodern Anthropology | a theoretical position in anthropology that focuses on issues of power and voice. Post modernists suggest that anthropological accounts are partial truths reflecting the backgrounds, training, and social positions of the their authors. |
| Language | Uniquely Human Culturally Universal Innately programmed |
| Tools and Technology | Not necessarily uniquely human Chimps use tools to get food etc Capturing raw materials and making them of use Technology distinguishes humans from animals, developing tools into highly complicated systems = human |
| Fire | Use of fire is uniquely human establishes a home/household setting fireplace alludes to home |
| Cooking | Practiced in all human societies Origins are unknown, but no other animal does anything like it |
| Fission Fusion Groups | Dispersing and then coming back together at the end of the day |
| Subsistence strategies | the pattern of behavior used by a society to obtain food in a particular enviornment |
| Foraging | fishing, hunting, gathering - collecting of vegetable foods. |
| Pastoralism (nomadic, transhumant) | food getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals |
| Horticulture (extensive cultivation) | production of plants using a simple, non mechanized technology and where fertility of gardens and fields is maintained through long periods of fallow |
| Swidden or slash-and-burn hordiculture | A form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush |
| Agriculture (intensive cultivation) | a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals and techniques for combining morphemes |
| Division of Labor | Labor is social way of assigning tasks to different sets of people (age, gender) |
| Reciprocity (generalized, balanced, negative) | Division of labor by sex involves reciprocity, the mutual give and take among people of similar status |
| Nested Units of society | Balanced reciprocity, fair trading, exchanging of equal value Many households living amongst each other |
| Household | a group of poeple who share a residence (sleeping site) and organize the consumption of goods among themselves. Basic unit of production as well as consumption (small scale societies) |
| Incest Taboo | Prohibiting relations (sexual or otherwise) among closely related kin of opposite sexes Happens among animals too |
| Alliance Theory | structural method of studying kinship relations tries to understand the basic questions about inter-individual relations, or what constitutes society. based on incest taboo: only this universal prohibition of incest pushes human groups towards exogamy. |
| Westermarck effect | reverse sexual imprinting, is seen in instances where two people who live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one become desensitized to later close sexual attraction |
| Consanguinity and affinity | Consanguinity - Related by birth Affinity - Relatives by marraige, In-laws |
| Fictive Kinship | distinguish between forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguinal (blood ties) nor affinal ('by marriage') ties. ictive kinship would be used to refer to those kinship ties that are fictive in the sense of not-real. |
| Nuclear Family | A family organized around a conjugal tie (a relationship between husband and wife) and consisting of a husband, wife, and children. |
| Composite Family | An aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse |
| Extended Family | Family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations |
| Exogamy and Endogamy | Exogamy - marrying outside of a particular group Endogamy - marrying inside a particular group |
| Residence Patterns (neolocal) | independent establishment of residence without too much reference to the prior location of the primary conjugal-natal family |
| Monogamy | One life partner (sexually) |
| Polygamy (polygyny, polyandry) | Many life partners (sexually) Polygyny - man has more than one sexual partner polyandry - woman has more than one sexual partner |
| Dowry, bridewealth, bride service | Dowry - Given to the newly weds (or grooms family) from the bride as a gift of marraige Brideweatlth - goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin Bride Service - the cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for a period of ti |
| social hierarchies | social hierarchies - based on class gender and age - usually white, high class, men = top of the social heirarchy |
| Cultural Construction of Gender | Gender - biological make up of a person (male vs. female) Sexuality - the gender they chose to identify with |
| Differences in Spatial Mobility | The rate of moves or migrations made by a given population within a given time frame |
| Four Types of Foragers | |
| Gender Stratification | The way in which gender activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in society. |
| Fraternal Solidarity and Sexual Antagonism | Bond among male figures within a society (warriors) involves initiation, constant warfare mentality discrimination against female gender, not allowed in the bond/brotherhood |
| Amazonia | South American group resembling the life style of Melanesian's |
| Melanesia | Make up part of Melazonia Distinct cultural practices similar to Amazonia that infer cultural relations at some point Residence around Melanesia |
| Papua New Guinea | Modern, main city of New Guinea Residence of the Sambia |
| New Guinea Highlands | |
| Sambia Valley | |
| Five Ecological Circles | |
| Hamlet Security Circle | |
| Hunting and Gardening Among the Sambia | |
| Women's (nuclear-family) Houses | |
| The Men's Club House | |
| Descent groups and Cousin Marriage | |
| Clan, Phratry, Confederacy | Clan - unilinearl kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor, cannot trace link Phratry - |
| Shamanism and the Men's Cult | |
| Boy-inseminating practices | boy into manhood, inseminating boys for them to be able to reproduce - boys are not born with semen, must obtain it through ritual to become a man |
Created by:
aedewey
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