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Erin Huffer Chapter
Western Civ II Chapter One The Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Scientific Revolution | is an era associated primarily with the 16th and 17th centuries during which new ideas and knowledge in physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed medieval and ancient views of nature and laid the foundations for modern science. |
| Nicolas Copernicus | (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. |
| William Harvey | an English physician who was the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. |
| Galileo | (1564-1642) Italian physicist and astronomer who, with German astronomer Johannes Kepler, initiated the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of English physicist Sir Isaac Newton. |
| Johannes Kepler | was a German astronomer and natural philosopher, noted for formulating and verifying the three laws of planetary motion. |
| Sir Francis Bacon | Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman, one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought (the scientific method). His philosophy stated that people only learn from experiences. |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, sometimes called the father of modern philosophy. He came up with the scientific method. |
| Sir Isaac Newton | He formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion, established the modern study of optics—or the behavior of light—and built the first reflecting telescope. His mathematical insights led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus. |
| The Age of Enlightenment | an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe, that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state. |
| John Locke | We only gain knowledge through our experiences; no person should have control over another - he established the democracy (people rule) |
| Thomas Hobbes | if given the opportunity, predators will take advantage of their prey - to stop this, he establishes the king (monarchy) (one vision to lead society, one ruler, and a protector of the prey) |
| philosophes | were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. |
| progress | moving forward; getting better |
| deism | the standpoint that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator. |
| tolerance | The ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with: |
| Jean Jacques Rosseau | French philosopher and one of the most eloquent writers of the Age of Enlightenment. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English author and feminist; Her best-known work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), asserts that intellectual companionship is the ideal of marriage and pleads for equality of education and opportunity between the sexes |
| Vindication of the Rights of Woman | asserts that intellectual companionship is the ideal of marriage and pleads for equality of education and opportunity between the sexes |
| The Social Contract | states that every person is equal; no one person rules over another; and majority rule; contains the General Will |
| The General Will | will bring equality to everyone in the group. The majority opinion of the group makes up this |
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