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Scanlon A&P ch 2
Some Basic Chemistry
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| elements | substance made up of only one type of atom |
| atom | smallest unit of an element (smallest unit to maintain the properties of that element) |
| proton | sub atomic particle with a positive charge |
| neutron | sub atomic particle with a negative charge |
| electron | sub atomic particle with no electircal charge |
| atomic number | number of protons in an atom (used to identify the element) |
| atomic weight | number of protons plus number of neutrons |
| bond | the connection between atoms in a molecule |
| energy levels | orbitals of electrons around neucleous |
| ionic bond | bond that is formed by the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of electrons by another |
| valence | electrical charge |
| ion | an atom involved in a ionic bond |
| salt | a molecule made of ions other than OH- and H+ |
| cations | ions with a positive sharge |
| anions | ions with a negative charge |
| aqueous solution | water solvent |
| ionize (dissociation) | chemical reaction resulting in ions |
| synthesis | chemical reaction resulting in combining ions |
| covalent bonds | bond that shares electrons between two atoms |
| disulfide bonds | covalent bond between two atoms of sulfur |
| hydrogen bond | the attraction between the proton of an atom with a covalent hydrogen with slightly negative atoms |
| water composition in the body | 60 %to 75% |
| solvent | liquid that is capable of disolving |
| solutes | substance capable of being dissolved |
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | water within cells |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | water surrounding cells |
| plasma | water found in blood vessels ECF |
| lymph | water found in lymphatic vessels ECF |
| interstitial fluid | water found in small spaces between cells ECF |
| specialized fluid | examples- synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, etc. ECF |
| acidosis | accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| cell respiration | chemical reaction responsible for energy production in cells |
| trace elements | elements that are needed by the body in small amounts |
| acid | substance that increases the concentration of H+ |
| base | substance that decreases the concentration of H+ |
| pH | parts hydrogen, scale for measuring H+ content |
| buffer system | chemical(s) that minimize changes in pH by reacting with strong acids of strong bases |
| carbohydrates | sugars that act as a source of energy |
| monosaccharides | single sugar |
| hexose | six carbon sugar ex. glucose |
| pentose | five carbon sugar, not used for energy but are a part of nucleic acids |
| disaccharides | double sugars made of made of two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds |
| oligosaccharides | consists of from 3 to 20 monosaccharides found on outer surfaces of cells and act as antigens |
| polysaccharides | thousands of glucose molecules bonded in different ways |
| starches | branched chaines of glucose produced by plant cells to store energy |
| glycogen | highly branched chain of glucose used for storing unneeded glucose kept in liver and skeletal muscles |
| cellulose | a nearly straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of thier cell walls, undigestibe by humans, aids in digestion |
| fiber | another term for cellulose |
| peristalsis | the muscle contraction of the large intestine that propels waste from the body |
| lipids | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus |
| true fats | one molecule of glycerol and one, two, or three fatty acid molecules |
| triglyceride | three fatty acid molecules and bonded to a single glycerol |
| phospholipid | diglyceride with a phosphate group |
| lecithin | a phospholipid that is part of cell membranes |
| myelin | phospholipid that forms the sheath surrounding nerve cells |
| steroids | a type of lipid |
| cholesterol | a steroid that is made of four rings fo carbon and hydrogen, produced in liver and used is used in cell membranes |
| proteins | made of amino acids |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur |
| peptide bond | a bond between two amino acids |
| polypeptide | short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| enzymes | a catalyst for reactions in the body |
| catalysts | speed up chemical reactions without the need for an external source fo energy |
| active site theory | theory that explaines how enzymes and the molecules interact based on shapes of attachment sites |
| substrates | molecules involved in a reaction catalyzed by enzymes |
| dentured | enzyme that has lost its shape and is no longer useful as a catalyst |
| DNA | double helix of nucleotids that store our genetic code makes up the chromosomes in the nucleous of a cell |
| nucleotide | a pentose sugar, phosphate froup and one of several nitrogenous bases |
| ATP | a nucleotide formed in cell respiraiton, body's primary energy transport |
Created by:
eestrand
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