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Anthro Exam 1 rev
Section 1-4 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | The learned and shared knowledge that people use to generate behavior and interpret experience |
| Culture Shock | A state of anxiety that results from cross-cultural misunderstanding |
| Detached Observer | An scientist who works from the outside, creating a system of knowledge to account for other people's behavior |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief and feeling that one's own culture is best |
| Ethnography | The process of discovering and describing a particular culture |
| Explicit Culture | Cultural knowledge that people can talk about |
| Informant | Someone who understands the cultural behavior and can teach their culure to an ethnographer |
| Microcultures | Systems of cultural knowledge characteristic of sub groups within larger societies |
| Naive Realism | The belief that people everywhere see the world the same way |
| Respondent | Someone who answer's the investigators questions |
| Subject | Someone or Something to observe |
| Tacit Culture | Cultural knowledge that people lask words for |
| Symbol | anything we can perceive with our senses that stands for something else |
| Language | A system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech |
| Speech | refers to the behavior that produces vocal sounds |
| Phonology | consists of the categories and rules for forming vocal symbols |
| Phonemes | the minimal categories of speech sounds that serve to keep utterances apart |
| Grammar | refers to the categories and rules for combining vocal symbols |
| Morphemes | the categories in any language that carry meaning |
| Semantics | refers to the categories and rules for relating vocal symbols to their referents |
| Sociolinguistic Rules | combine meaning utterances with social situations into appropriate messages |
| Nonlinguistic Symbol | Anything we can sense that can convey meaning |
| Linguistics | The study of the great variety of languages spoken by human beings including their description, analysis, and use |
| Culture | the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret their world and generate social behavior |
| What are the subfields of Anthropology | Cultural Anthropology, Physical/Biological Anthropology, Archaeology, and Linguistics. |
| Physical/Biological Anthropology | Studies biological adaptions between different cultures of human beings. |
| Archaeology | The recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material culture from past cultures |
| Cultural Anthropology | Studies present, living cultures and figure out how they live. |
| Emic View | Insider's point of view |
| Etic View | Outsider's point of view |
| Which does a anthropologist want: the Emic or Etic view? | The Anthropologist's goal is to have both, the emic view and etic view. |
| Cultural Relativism | The idea that one must suspend judgement on other people's practices in order to understand the practice in the context of that culture. |
| What are the 5 parts of Linguistics? | Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics. |
| Sapir Whorf Hypothesis (Hard Version) | |
| Physical/Biological Anthropology | Studies biological adaptions between different cultures of human beings. |
| Archaeology | The recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material culture from past cultures |
| Cultural Anthropology | Studies present, living cultures and figure out how they live. |
| Emic View | Insider's point of view |
| Etic View | Outsider's point of view |
| Which does a anthropologist want: the Emic or Etic view? | The Anthropologist's goal is to have both, the emic view and etic view. |
| Cultural Relativism | The idea that one must suspend judgement on other people's practices in order to understand the practice in the context of that culture. |
| What are the 5 parts of Linguistics? | Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics. |
| Sapir Whorf Hypothesis (Soft Version) | The language you speak may influence how you view the world. |
| Carrying Capacity | The balance between the number of people on the land and the land's potential to provide food for them |
| Cultural Ecology | The way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments |
| Physical Environment | The world people can experience through their senses |
| Cultural Environment | How people conceive the world in terms that seem most important to their adaptive needs and cultural perspective |
| Subsistence Strategies | Societies employ several different strategies to meet their material needs; strategies that affect their complexity and internal organization as well as relationships to the natural environment and to other human groups |
| What are the 5 subsistence strategies | Hunting and Gathering, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, and Industrialism |
| Hunting and Gathering | Involves gathering wild, naturally occurring food, such as gathering wild plants and hunting wild animals. |
| Slash and Burn Agriculture | A farm of horticulture in which wild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and revert to its wild state. |
| Pastoralism | Involves herding domesticated animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and camels |
| Agriculture | A kind of farming based on the intensive cultivation of permanent land holding. |
| Ecology | The relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere |
| Industrialism | A subsistence strategy marked by intensive mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks. |
| Economic System | The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants |
| Production | Rendering material items useful and available for human consumption |
| Allocation of resources | The cultural rules people use to assign rights to the ownership and use of resources |
| Technology | The cultural knowledge for making and using tools and extracting and refining raw materials |
| Division of Labor | To the rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people |
| Units of Production | The persons or groups responsible for producing goods. |
| Distribution | Strategies for apportionong goods and services among the members of a group. |
| Market exchange | The transfer of goods and services based on price,supply, and demand |
| Reciprocal Exchange | The transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on role obligations |
| Redistribution | The transfer of goods and services between a central collecting source and a group of individuals |
| Subsistence Economies | Economies that are local and that depend largely on the non-market mechanism, reciprocity and redistribution, to motivate production and exchange. |
| Market Economies | A subsistence economy that focuses on production and redistribution. |
| Reciprocity | exchange of goods between two parties where the value of what is exchanged is roughly equal |
| Generalized Reciprocity | Refers to exchanges where specifics are not discussed, such as price and when to repay |
| Balanced Reciprocity | Part of a long term process where what is given and the time of repayment is more explict |
| Negative Reciprocity | Type of exchange where each party tries to get the best deal |
| What are the parts of reciprocity? | Complexity, taxes, centralized authority, and economic surplus |
| Leveling Mechanisms | In small, isolated communities wealth is redistributed so no one is too rich |
| Types of Leveling Mechanisms | Potlatch, Big Man Feast, and Cargo System |
| Potlatch | In the Pacific Northwest, one member of the community would collect a surplus of wealth, then have a lavish party for a week where they spend everything they have. While they lose material wealth, they gain influence and prevent peers from resenting them. |
| Big Man Feast | Like a Potlatch, but in Papua New Guinea |
| Cargo System | In Central America, a citizen climbs the civic and religous ladders by doing jobs for the community. The person has to pay for all supplies himself, but should they complete all the jobs, they gain respect and become town elders. |
| Money | Anything that can be used to measure value and as a unit of exchange |
| What are the parts of Economies | How goods are: Produced, Distributed, Consumption |
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