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Ch. 3 Skeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa | skeletal system |
| form of the connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body | bone |
| tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone | periosteum |
| dense, hard, and very stron bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones | compact bone |
| lighter, and not as strong, as compact bone | spongy bone |
| means pertaining to the inner section | medullary |
| tissue that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes | red bone marrow |
| means pertaining to the formation of blood cells | hemopoietic |
| functions as a fat storage area, is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity | yellow bone marrow |
| smooth, rubber, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. | cartilage |
| covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints | articular cartilage |
| curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw | meniscus |
| shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
| coverd with articular cartilage, the wide end of a long bone | epiphysis |
| end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body | proximal epiphysis |
| end of the bone located farthest away from the midline | epiphysis |
| an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass | foramen |
| a normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendos | process |
| bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears | mastoid process |
| also known as articulations | joints |
| place of union between two or more bones | joints |
| consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together | fibrous joints |
| also known as sutures | fibrous joints |
| also known as soft spots | fontanelles |
| allow only slight movement and consist of bones connectied entirely by cartilage | cartilaginous joints |
| the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth | pubic symphysis |
| created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions | synovial joint |
| means to come together | articulate |
| such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions | ball and socket joints |
| such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane | hinge joints |
| outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint | synovial capsule |
| lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid | synovial membrane |
| flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible | synovial fluid |
| bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connection one bone to another bone, or joining a bone to cartilage | ligaments |
| a fibrous sac that acts a s acushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone | bursa |
| How many bones are there? | 206 |
| protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems | axial skeleton |
| means pertaining to an axis, which is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body | axial |
| consists of 80 bones including those of the skull, the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae fo the thoracic cavity, and the other vertebrae of the spinal column | axial skeleton |
| makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. | appendicular skeleton |
| means referring to an appendage | appendicular |
| anything that is attached to a major part of the body | appendage |
| consists of 126 bones that are organized into upper extremities | appendicular skeleton |
| shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands | upper extremities |
| hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet | lower extremities |
| consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear | skull |
| made up of eight bones, portion of the skull that encloses the brain | cranium |
| forms the forehead | frontal bone |
| form the most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium, there are two | parietal bones |
| forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium | occipital bone |
| form the sides and base of the cranium | temporal bones |
| forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit | sphenoid bone |
| is the bony socket that surrounds and proctects the eyeball | orbit |
| forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium. | ethmoid bone |
| the six tiny bones of the middle ear | auditory ossicles |
| is located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull, is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear | external auditory meatus |
| is the external opening of a canal | meatus |
| form the upper part of the bridge of the nose | nasal bones |
| also known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone | zygomatic bones |
| also known as the maxillae, form the most of the upper jaw | maxillary bones |
| form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose. | palatine bones |
| make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye | lacrimal bones |
| are the thin, scroll-like bone that form part of the interior of the nose | inferior conchae |
| forms the base for the nasal septum | vomer bone |
| is the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities | nasal septum |
| also known as the jawbone, is the only movable bone of the skull | mandible |
| also known as the TMJ | temporomandibular joint |
| also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and the lungs | thoracic cavity |
| also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae | costals |
| the first seven pair of ribs that are attached anteriorly to the sternum | true ribs |
| the next three pair of ribs, that are attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum | false ribs |
| the last two pairs of ribs that are only attached posteriorly | floating ribs |
| also known as the breastbone, forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts | sternum |
| is the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum | manubrium |
| is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum | body of the sternum |
| is the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum | xiphoid process |
| also known as the shoulder girdle which supports the arms and hands | pectoral girdle |
| a structure that encircles the body | girdle |
| also known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula | clavicle |
| also known as the shoulder blade | scapula |
| is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder | acromion |
| is the bone of the upper arm | humerus |
| is the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm | radius |
| is the larger and longer bone of the forearm | ulna |
| commonly known as the funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna | olecranon process |
| are the bones that form the wrist | carpals |
| are the five bones that form the palms of the hand | metacarpals |
| are the 14 bones of the fingers | phalanges |
| also known as the vertebral column, supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord | vertebral column |
| is a single segment of the spinal column | vertebra |
| means pertaining to the vertebrae | vertebral |
| are the bony strucure units of the spinal column | vertebrae |
| is the solid anterior portion | body of the vertebra |
| is the posterior portion of a vertebra | lamina |
| is the opening in the middle of the vertebra | vertebral foramen |
| are the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck | cervical vertebrae |
| pertaining to the neck | cervical |
| make up the second set of 12 vertebrae | thoracic vertebrae |
| pertaining to the thoracic cavity | thoracic |
| make up the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine | lumbar vertebrae |
| relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis | lumbar |
| is the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back | sacrum |
| also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together | coccyx |
| are made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other | intervertebral disks |
| protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities, is also known as the pelvis or hips | pelvic girdle |
| is the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone | ilium |
| is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium | sacroiliac |
| which forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting | ischium |
| forms the anterior portion of the public bone, is located just below the urinary bladder | pubis |
| the ileum, ischium, and pubis are separate at birth; however, they fuse to form the left and right | pubic bones |
| also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint | acetabulum |
| is the upper leg bone | femur |
| is the largest bone in the body | thigh bone |
| articulates with the acetabulum | head of the femur |
| is the narrow area just below the head of the femur | femoral neck |
| pertaining to the femur | femoral |
| the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg | knees |
| also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee. | patella |
| referring to the posterior space behind the knee where hte ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located | popliteal |
| make possible the movements of the knee | cruciate ligaments |
| also known as the shinbone, is the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg | tibia |
| is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg | fibula |
| is the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle | malleolus |
| form the joint between the lower leg and the foot, are each made up of seven short tarsal bones | ankles |
| these bones are similar to the bones of the wrist, but are larger in size | tarsal |
| is the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula | talus |
| also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones | calcaneus |
| form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached | metatarsals |
| are the bones of the toes | phalanges |
| holds a Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine | chiropractor |
| involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones | manipulative treatment |
| also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles | orthopedic surgeon |
| holds a Doctor of Osteopathy degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation | osteopath |
| used to mean any bone disease | osteopathy |
| holds a Doctor of Podiatry or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot. | podiatrist |
| is the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure | ankylosis |
| means being capable of movement | mobility |
| is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly | arthrosclerosis |
| is an inflammation of a bursa | bursitis |
| is the abnormal softening of cartilage | chondromalacia |
| is a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells | chondroma |
| is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum | costochondritis |
| also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe | hallux valgus |
| is blood within a joint | hemarthrosis |
| is inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint | synovitis |
| also known as luxation, is the total displacement of the bone from its joint | dislocation |
| is the partial displacement of a bone from its joint | subluxation |
| is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints | arthritis |
| is an obsolete term for arthritis to describe any painful disorder of the joints | rheumatism |
| also known as wear and tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging | osteoarthritis |
| the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints | degenerative joint disease |
| means the breaking down or impairment of a body part. | degenerative |
| also known as spinal osteoarthritis, is a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function | spondylosis |
| also known as gout is a type of arthritis characterized by deposists of uric acid in the joints | gouty arthritis |
| is a byproduct that is normally excreted by the kidneys | uric acid |
| commonly known by its abbreviation RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked | rheumatoid arthritis |
| is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae | ankylosing spondylitis |
| the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints | ankylosing |
| means the inflammation of the vertebrae | spondylitis |
| is an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
| also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots | herniated disk |
| also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine | lumbago |
| is the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it | spondylolisthesis |
| is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it | spina bifida |
| pertaining to the spin | spina |
| means split | bifida |
| is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side, also known as humpback or dowager's hump | kyphosis |
| is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, also known as swayback | lordosis |
| is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine | scoliosis |
| is a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures | craniostenosis |
| is a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue | fibrous dysplasia |
| also known as osteodynia, mean pain in a bone | ostealgia |
| is an inflammation of bone | osteitis |
| also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults | osteomalacia |
| is an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone | osteomyelitis |
| is the death of bone tissue due to lack of insufficient blood supply | osteonecrosis |
| also known as osteitis deformans, is a bone disease of unknown cause | paget's disease |
| is an inflammation of the periosteum | periostitis |
| also known as infantile osteomalacia, is a deficiency disease occurring in children | rickets |
| formerly known as dwarfism, is condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an an appropriate length | short stature |
| also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus | talipes |
| is a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone | primary bone cancer |
| means progressively worse and life-threatening | malignant |
| is a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib | ewing's sarcoma |
| describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs | secondary bone cancer |
| is a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow | myeloma |
| is a benign bony projetion covered with cartilage | osteochondroma |
| means something that is not life-threatening and does not recur | benign |
| is a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging | osteoporosis |
| is thinner than average bone density in a young person | osteopenia |
| also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself | compression fracture |
| named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist | colles' fracture |
| also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall | osteoporotic hip fracture |
| pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones | osteoporotic |
| which is a broken bone | fracture |
| also known as a simple fracture, is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin | closed fracture |
| also known as a compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin | open fracture |
| is one in which the bone is splintered or crushed | comminuted fracture |
| means crushed into small pieces | comminuted |
| incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken | greenstick fracture |
| occurs at an angle across the bone | oblique fracture |
| occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain | pathologic fracture |
| is a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart | spiral fracture |
| is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact | stress fracture |
| occurs straight across the bone | transverse fracture |
| can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood | fat embolus |
| also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together | crepitation |
| forms a bulging deposit around the area of the break | callus |
| is also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing | callus |
| also known as an x-ray is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities | radiograph |
| is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint | arthroscopy |
| is a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test | bone marrow biopsy |
| is the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow | bone marrow aspiration |
| is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| is used to determine losses or changes in bone density | bone density testing |
| is a screening test for osteoposoris or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass | ultrasonic bone density testing |
| a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density | dual x-ray absorptiometry |
| is used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia nd lymphomas, that affect bone marrow | bone marrow transplant |
| uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling | allogenic bone marrow transplant |
| means originating within another | allogenic |
| the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleased, treated, and then store before the remaining bone marrow is destroyed | autologous bone marrow transplant |
| means originating within an individual | autologous |
| is a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function | orthotic |
| is a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated | prosthesis |
| also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder | arthrodesis |
| is th surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint | arthrolysis |
| is the surgical removal of a bursa | bursectomy |
| is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint | arthroscopic surgery |
| is the surgical repair of damaged cartilage | chondroplasty |
| is the surgical removal of a synovial membrane | synovectomy |
| means the surgical repair of a damaged joint | arthroplasty |
| means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced | total knee replacement |
| describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced | partial knee replacement |
| also known as a total hip arthroplasty, performed to restore a damaged hip to full function | total hip replacement |
| is an alternative to removing the head of the femur | bone-conserving hip resurfacing |
| is the replacement of a worn or failed implant | revision surgery |
| is performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk | percutaneous diskectomy |
| is performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures | percutaneous vertebroplasty |
| is the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra | laminectomy |
| is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae | spinal fusion |
| is the surgical removal of a portion of the skull | craniectomy |
| is a surgical incision or opening into the skull | craniotomy |
| is the surgical repair of the skull | cranioplasty |
| is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity | osteoclasis |
| is the surgical removal of bone | ostectomy |
| is the surgical repair of a bone or bones | osteoplasty |
| is the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones | osteotomy |
| is an incision through the periosteum to the bone | periosteotomy |
| also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation | closed reduction |
| also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast | immobilization |
| is a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to retun the bone or joint to normal alignment | traction |
| is a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissue and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing | external fixation |
| also known as open reduction internal fixation, is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are place directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place | internal fixation |
Created by:
mburrell@holmescc.edu