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Period 5-Ch.1-5
AP Upshur Glossary- Chapters 1 through 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Avesta | The holy book of the Zoroastrian religion. |
| Chavin | Early Peruvian Amerindian culture. |
| Cuneiform | Mesopotamian wedge-shaped writing begun by the Sumerians. |
| Gilgamesh | One of the earliest epics in world literature, originating in prehistoric Mesopotamia. |
| Heiroglyphics | Early Egyptian writing consisting of pictographs and symbols for letters and syllables. |
| Hittites | And Indo-European people prominent in Anatolia (present-day Turkey) around 1200 B.C.E. |
| Hyksos | A people who invaded the Nile delta in Egypt and ruled it during the Second Intermediate Period around 1600 B.C.E |
| Isis | A chief Egyptian goddess with strong, creative and nuturing associations. |
| Kush | Kingdom in Northeast Africa that had close relations with Egypt for several centuries in the pre-Christian epoch. |
| Nineveh | The main city and later capital of the Assyrian Empire. |
| Osiris | A chief Egyptian god, ruler of the underworld. |
| Persepolis | With Ecbatana, one of the capitals of the Persian Empire in the 500's B.C.E. |
| Tel el Armana | The site of the great temple complexes along the Nile River in Egypt; Akhenaton's capital. |
| Ziggurat | A massive stepped tower upon which a temple dedicated the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built. |
| Zoroastrianism | A religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C.E.; characterized by worship of a supreme god, Ahura Mazda, who represents the god against evil spirit, identified as Ahriman. |
| Aryans | A nomadic pastoral people from Eurasia who invaded the Indus Valley peoples. |
| Brahman | The castle of priests, which is the highest castle in Hinduism. |
| Dasa | Sanskrit term for "slave" used by Aryans; refers to the dark skin color of Indus Valley peoples. |
| Harappa | A town in the Indus Valley; also a name for early civilization in that region. |
| Karma | A sanskit term meaning "deed" or "action"; a belief held by members of all religions in India that the amount of good or evil done in a given lifetime effected one's destiny in the next existance. |
| Kshatriyas | The warrior class of Aryan soceity. |
| Mahabharata | A Hindu epic poem. |
| Mohenjo-Daro | One of the two chief towns in the ancient Indus Valley civilization. |
| Oracle Bones | Animal bones used in Shang China for divination. Contains earliest evidence of Chinese writing. |
| Rig Veda | The oldest of four Vedas, brought to India by the Aryans; the holiest works of Hinduism. |
| Sanskrit | The sacred language of India, an Indo-European language introduced by the Aryans. |
| Shiva | An important member of the Hindu pantheon, along with his wife Kali(Durga). God of destriction and fertility. |
| Upanishads | The Hindu writings dealing with philisophical issues. |
| Vaisyas | The third caste, consisting of the landholder and Artisan class of Aryan soceity. |
| Vishnu | A Hindu savior god who, through his nine incarnations, saves the world from destruction; in one incarnations he was Krishna, in another Gautama Buddha. |
| Academy | The school founded by Plato; Aristotle is it's most famous student. |
| Ahimsa | Hindu, Buddhist and Jane doctrine of not harming living creatures. |
| Babylonian Captivity | The transportation of many Jews to exile in Babylon; occured in the sixth century B.C.E. |
| Delian League | An empire of sattelite Greek states under Athens in the 5th century B.C.E. |
| Dharma | Hindu and Buddhist term for moral conduct. |
| Helots | State-owned slaves of the Spartans. |
| Hinayana Buddhism | A strict, monastic form of Buddhism claiming a close link with the Buddha's teaching; Also called Theravada. |
| Hoplites | Heavily armed infantry soldiers in Ancient Greece. |
| Legalism | A Chinese philosophy of government emphasizing strong state authority. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | A for of Buddhism; it deemphasized the monastic life and abtruse philosophy in favor of prayer to the Buddha and saintly and helpful bodhisattvas to attain nirvana. |
| Marathon | The battle in 409 B.C.E. in which the Athenians defeated the Persians. |
| Messenian Wars | Conflicts between the neighbors, Sparta and Messenia, that resulten in Sparta's conquest of Messenia around 600 B.C.E. |
| Metics | Resedent foreigners in Ancient Athens; not permitted full rights of citizenship, but did recieve the protection of the laws. |
| Monotheism | A religion having only one god. |
| Nirvana | Buddhist concept; the final liberation from suffering and reincarnation. |
| Ostracism | In ancient Athens, the expulsion of a citizen for ten years. |
| Parthenon | The classic Greek temple to Athena on the Acropolis on Athens' center. |
| Pelopennisian War | The great war between Athens and Sparta and their respected allies in ancient Greece; fought between 431 and 404 B.C.E. and eventually won by Sparta. |
| Phoenicians | An ancient seafaring living on the coast north of Palestine; they dominated trade in the Mediterranean. |
| Plataea | The land battle that, along the naval battle of Salamis, ended the Persian wars with Greek victory. |
| Polis | The political and community of citizens in ancient Greece. |
| Salamis | The naval battle that, with the battle of Plaeata, ended the Persian wars with a Greek victory. |
| Sparta | A militaristic Greek city-state that vied with Athens for power in the Pelopennisian war. |
| Taoism | China's nature-oriented philosophy/religion. |
| Theravada Buddhism | A strict monastic form of Buddhism that claims close teachings of Guatama Buddha. Also called the Hinayana Buddhism. |
| tyrant/tyranny | in ancient Greek polis (or an Italian city-state during the Rennaissance) a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and ruled without being subject to the law. |
| Actium, Battle of | The decisive 31 B.C.E battle in the struggle of Octavian and Marc Antony, in which Octavian's victory paved the way for the principate |
| Arthasastra | An early Indian political tretise that sets fourth many fundemental aspects of the relationship of rulers and their subjects. |
| Bhagavad- Gita | The best known part of the Mahabharata, it details the proper relations between the casetes and the triumph of spirit over material creation. |
| Carthage | Rival in the Mediterranean basin to rome in the third century B.C.E.; it was destroyed by Rome. |
| Chaeronea | The battle in 338 B.C.E. in which Philip on Macedon decisively defeated the Greeks and brought them under Macedonian dominance. |
| Epicureanism | A helenistic pholosophy advocating the pursuit of pleasure (mental) and avoidance of pain as a supreme god. |
| Etruscans | The pre-Roman rulers of most of northern and central Italy and cultral for early Roman civilization. |
| Han dynasty | The dynasty that ruled China from 202 B.C.E. to 221 C.E. |
| Knight | Type of fuetal who held title and landed domain only for his lifetime; generally based originally on military service to his over-lord. |
| Krishna | And important Hindu god who is an incarnation of the god Vishnu. |
| Praticians | The astrio-cratic upper class in ancient Rome. |
| Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt | The state created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Great's generals; in the Helenistic era. |
| Punic Wars | The three conflicts between Rome and Carthage that ended with the complete destriction of Carthaginian Empire and the extention of Reman control throughout the western Mediterranean. |
| Ramayana | A Hindu text that illustrated important aspects of the religion; it's heroes, Rama and his wife Sita, are worshiped at the embodiment of the ideal man and woman. |
| Seleucid kingdom | The successor state to the of Alexander the Great in most of the middle east. |
| Silk Route | A route linking China with India, Persia, Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. It was an important conduit for ideas and goods. |
| Stoicism | A philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century B.C. that taught that happiness could be obtained by acception one's lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving inner peace. |
| Battle of Zama | Decisive battle of the second Punic War; Roman victory in 202 B.C.E. was followed by absorbtion of most Carthaginian Empire in the Mediterranean. |
| Abbasid dynasty | The Calphis resident in Baghdad from the 700's C.E. until the tenth century. |
| Arianism | A Christion heresy that taught Jesus was inferior to God, though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, Arianism was adopted by many of the Germanic peoples who entered the Roman Empire over the next centuries. |
| Bedouin | The Nomadic inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and the Eastern Mediterrenaen; they were original converts to Islam. |
| Black Death | The outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic)in the mid-fourteenth century that killed from 20-50% of Eurpoes population. |
| Byzantine Empire | The continuation of the Roman imperium in it's Eastern provinces until it's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. |
| Caliph | Arabic term for "successor" (to Muhammad); leader of Islam. |
| Diaspora | The scattering of the Jews from ancient Palestine. |
| Edict of Milan | Edict that made Christianity an officially tolerated religion within the Roman Empire; Issued by the Emperor, Constantine, in 313. |
| Essenes | A Jewish religious group that lived by the Dead Sea at Qumran from around the middle of the second century B.C.E.; Some of their ideas were similar to those found in Christianity. |
| eucharist | a Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and wine are consumed in celebration of Jesus' last supper; also called the lord's supper or communion. |
| Gothic Style | An artistic style, found mainly in architecture, that came into general European usage during the thirteenth century. |
| Guild | A midevil urban organization that controlled the production and prices of the many gods and services. |
| Hagia Sophia | Greek name ("Holy Wisdom") of the cathedral in Constantinople, later made into a mosque by Ottoman Turkish conquerors. |
| Hajj | The pilgrimage to Mecca and the sacred places of Islam. |
| Holy Roman Empire | First constituted by Charlemagne; Eventually controlled by the Habsburgs, centered in Aurtria; lost all meaning by the early nineteenth century. |
| iconoclasm | an eighteenth-centure Byzantine movement against the ise of icons, which was condemned at idolarty. |
| Magna Carta | A "Great Charter" issued in 1215 by King John of England that gave the aristocracy substantially increased powers, esp. over taxation, and created a more uniform justice system. |
| Manor | An agricultural estate of varying size normally owned by a noble or the clergy and worked by free and un-free peasants. |
| Sanhedrin | The Jewish govorning system under the overlordship of Rome. |
| scholasticism | The system of midevil schools, which emphasized rigourous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason. |
| Sharia | The sacred law of Islam; based on the Qur'an. |
| Sunni | The majority group in Islam; adherents believe that tha caliphate should go to the most qualified individual and should not necessarily pass to the kin of Muhummad. |
| Umayyad dynasty | The caliphs resident in Damascus from 661 to 750 C.E. |
| Vassal | In mievil Europe, a person, usually a noble, who owed fuedal duties to a superior called a suzerain. |
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Kassy.Kaitlyn
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